閱讀理解題解題攻略

2011-04-12 00:00:00耿杏芬溫麗仙

初中生世界·九年級(jí) 2011年6期

隨著課改的深入，各地的中考命題發(fā)生了很大的變化。然而，所謂“萬(wàn)變不離其宗”，無(wú)論考試形式如何變化，考核的內(nèi)容依然是依據(jù)《初中英語(yǔ)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的要求。閱讀理解題是各地英語(yǔ)中考的必考題型，且題量大，分值高。閱讀理解答題情況直接影響英語(yǔ)中考整個(gè)卷面的總成績(jī)。

《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)初中畢業(yè)生英語(yǔ)閱讀技能的要求是：（1）能根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義；（2）能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系；（3）能找出文章中的主題，理解故事的情節(jié)，預(yù)測(cè)故事的發(fā)展和可能的結(jié)局；（4）能讀懂常見(jiàn)體裁的閱讀材料；（5）能根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀策略獲取信息；（6）能利用字典等工具書(shū)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)；（7）除教材外，課外閱讀量應(yīng)累計(jì)達(dá)到15萬(wàn)詞以上。

《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》要求學(xué)生既能理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也能理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系；既能理解字面的意思，也能理解隱含的意思；既能理解事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)，也能理解所讀材料的主旨和大意；能就文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行判斷、推理和信息轉(zhuǎn)換。

命題特點(diǎn)

1.語(yǔ)篇選材貼近生活，內(nèi)容積極，體裁多樣，題材廣泛。命題選材主要包括日常生活中的故事、人物傳記、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境、資源、史地、科普、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、趣聞、廣告等，語(yǔ)言純正，凸顯當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)土人情，展示英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文化。有較豐富的文化內(nèi)涵，關(guān)注社會(huì)焦點(diǎn)，緊隨科技前沿，極具時(shí)代性，使閱讀能力的考查源于生活，且回歸生活。語(yǔ)篇體裁有記敘文、說(shuō)明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文等。各種體裁的文章所占比例均衡。選材一般會(huì)避開(kāi)有學(xué)科、性別、城鄉(xiāng)差別等傾向的文章，以實(shí)現(xiàn)公平、公正的原則。

2.注重考查學(xué)生的閱讀技能和理解能力。命題主要考查學(xué)生捕捉語(yǔ)篇中具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力（包括人物關(guān)系、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件等），根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解詞義和句義的能力，就文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行主旨大意的概括、作者態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)的推斷和信息轉(zhuǎn)換的能力。

3.加大考查學(xué)生推斷詞義能力的力度。要求考生根據(jù)上下文或整篇文章做出推斷，以檢測(cè)考生利用構(gòu)詞法或經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)等猜測(cè)詞義的能力，進(jìn)而在較高級(jí)的措辭中，揣摩作者的隱含之意。

4.考點(diǎn)分布均衡，試題科學(xué)有效，干擾項(xiàng)干擾作用增大。試題設(shè)計(jì)符合學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平和理解能力，有效避免了背離生活常識(shí)和語(yǔ)篇本意的偏題、怪題；題干簡(jiǎn)潔明了，既避免了長(zhǎng)句、難句，又避免了生硬的套語(yǔ)；選項(xiàng)表意清楚，關(guān)系合理，干擾有效，答案唯一，杜絕了模棱兩可的選項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)。干擾項(xiàng)只有涉及到語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容才能發(fā)揮干擾的功能，各地在命題時(shí)都能?chē)?yán)格把握這一點(diǎn)，試題在干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)上水平逐年提高，干擾作用明顯增大。

中考閱讀理解題，無(wú)論體裁和題材如何，其命題的種類(lèi)大體可以歸納為四種：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測(cè)題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題。

解題技巧

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題

《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中對(duì)初三學(xué)生提出的閱讀要求包括：能根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀策略獲取信息。對(duì)這種“獲取信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是“細(xì)節(jié)理解及判斷”。這類(lèi)題在中考閱讀理解題中占有較大的比例，做對(duì)這類(lèi)題是確保基礎(chǔ)分的關(guān)鍵。同時(shí)，理清細(xì)節(jié)，獲取精準(zhǔn)信息，也是正確把握文章主旨大意的前提。

這類(lèi)題的特點(diǎn)是其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。做這類(lèi)題一般要求考生先略讀文章，領(lǐng)悟大意，同時(shí)理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次及細(xì)節(jié)，尤其要注意六個(gè)W（who，where，when，which，what，why）和一個(gè)H（how）以及數(shù)字、日期、時(shí)間、同位語(yǔ)等。然后再帶著問(wèn)題通過(guò)“找讀法”快速鎖定該細(xì)節(jié)在文中的位置，最后用排除法排除不符合原文細(xì)節(jié)的選項(xiàng)。題干的設(shè)置往往有according to the author (passage) 這樣的限制語(yǔ)，回答時(shí)，考生一定要以文章所談到的內(nèi)容為依據(jù)，而不要憑自己的觀點(diǎn)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)選擇不符合文章內(nèi)容的答案。如果所問(wèn)內(nèi)容是由數(shù)字表示的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、價(jià)格、次數(shù)等，要在正確理解題干的基礎(chǔ)上再進(jìn)行必要的計(jì)算，不能輕易將文中給出的數(shù)字當(dāng)成正確答案，以免“張冠李戴”。如果問(wèn)題中含有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如not，except (for)，least，never等，要特別留心，以免選擇相反的答案。考生還要準(zhǔn)確把握指代關(guān)系，閱讀時(shí)常常會(huì)遇到一些代詞，如it，its，they，them，their，this，that，these，those，one，ones等，用來(lái)代替上文提到的人、事或物，對(duì)其指代關(guān)系的理解往往是至關(guān)重要的。例如：

...But the first barbecues，in fact，were the invention of the Taino Indians of Haiti，who dried their meat on raised frames (架子) of sticks over fires....

（2010年連云港）

34. Who invented the barbecues first in history？

A. American people. B. Taino Indians.

C. Spanish explorers. D. English settlers.

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，根據(jù)問(wèn)題，可以在文章中直接找到解題的信息所在（the first barbecues，in fact，were the invention of the Taino Indians of Haiti），根據(jù)此信息可以確定該題的正確答案是B項(xiàng)。

2.詞義猜測(cè)題

猜測(cè)詞義是英語(yǔ)泛讀過(guò)程中必須具備的能力之一。考生應(yīng)在準(zhǔn)確理解上下文的基礎(chǔ)上，利用已學(xué)過(guò)的構(gòu)詞法（如前綴、后綴、詞根等），通過(guò)舉例、定義、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)等線索推測(cè)詞義。通常考生可采用以下方法：

（1）利用舉例猜詞

為了說(shuō)明或證實(shí)自己的觀點(diǎn)，作者往往會(huì)采取舉例的方式，考生可借助這些例子猜測(cè)生詞的大意。例如：

...It shows that the barbecue had its social occasion by that time. Large animals would be roasted whole on frames over hot fires，and neighbours would be invited to dinner....（2010年連云港）

36. The underlined expression “social occasion” can be best translated into __________.

A. 社交功能B. 社會(huì)福利C. 社會(huì)地位D. 社會(huì)背景

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，通過(guò)例句“neighbours would be invited to dinner（邀請(qǐng)鄰居來(lái)用餐）”，可以推測(cè)出“ social occasion”的詞義應(yīng)該是“社交功能”。選A。

（2）利用定義解釋猜詞

有些文章，尤其是說(shuō)明文，通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵性的詞下定義或解釋說(shuō)明，考生就可以鎖定這些定義或解釋來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞的大意。例如：

...Green fashion is about making(and wearing)clothes that are good for humans，animals，and the Earth....（2010年蘇州）

26. According to the passage，what is “green fashion”？

A. Wearing the colour green all the time.

B. Making clothes from green trees.

C. Putting green make-up on your face.

D. Wearing clothes that are good for the Earth.

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，只要根據(jù)句中表語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容就可以知道該題的正確答案了。選D。

（3）利用詞義的關(guān)聯(lián)性猜詞

詞匯組成了句子，句子又組成語(yǔ)篇。任何一個(gè)詞匯在句子甚至在語(yǔ)篇中都會(huì)與其它詞匯有聯(lián)系。考生可以通過(guò)這種上下文的聯(lián)系來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞的大意。例如：

...They flew on and on till they couldn’t see the land and there was nothing but water on all sides. The crow was making fewer and fewer comments. He was now so exhausted that he found it hard to stay in the air，and had to struggle to keep himself from falling into the water....（2010年常州）

22. What does the underlined word “exhausted” in Paragraph 4 mean？

A. Tired B. Bored C. Nervous D. Frightened

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，首先要反復(fù)閱讀該小節(jié)，并關(guān)注到 “flew on and on（一直飛）”，“was making fewer and fewer comments（作的評(píng)價(jià)越來(lái)越少）”，“he found it hard to stay in the air（發(fā)現(xiàn)在空中飛很難）”，“had to struggle to keep himself from falling into the water（不得不掙扎著不讓自己墜入水中）”，利用這些相關(guān)的信息，考生應(yīng)該能夠猜出 “exhausted” 意為“筋疲力盡的”。故選A。

（4）利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)猜詞

語(yǔ)言源于生活，閱讀材料也是如此。因此有些生詞考生可以憑借生活常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)判定。例如：

...“I am!” shouted Barg，and he drunk all the water out of the mountain lake. His stomach swelled like a balloon，but he held the water strung....（2010年南京）

36. The word “swelled” in Paragraph 8 means “__________.”.

A. flew higher and farther B. became larger and rounder

C. got heavier and smaller D. grew lighter and faster

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，結(jié)合生活常識(shí)應(yīng)該知道喝了很多水后，肚子會(huì)像氣球一樣又大又圓。因此本題的正確答案是B。

3.推理判斷題

這類(lèi)考題主要對(duì)短文的結(jié)論、隱含意義（寓意）、作者的傾向、寫(xiě)作的目的等進(jìn)行考查。解題時(shí)要縱觀全文，在匯集短文提供的各項(xiàng)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，嚴(yán)格按照短文陳述的觀點(diǎn)或描述事實(shí)，進(jìn)行正確的、合乎邏輯的推論和引申。有時(shí)還可能要求考生對(duì)原文中沒(méi)有提及的情況進(jìn)行推理和想象，對(duì)題目中提出的各種可能性進(jìn)行推敲，從而選出符合原文信息或作者意圖的最佳答案。這類(lèi)題對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)難度較大，沒(méi)有把握。通常考生可采用以下方法：

（1）結(jié)合已有的相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行推斷

考生需根據(jù)文中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，結(jié)合自己掌握的相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析和推敲，以得出與文章原義一致的結(jié)論。例如：

...People often say they feel good when the sun is shining and sad when it is cloudy. In fact，sunlight makes us feel good. When sunlight hits our skins，our bodies produce a vitamin. Vitamins are natural chemicals (化學(xué)物質(zhì)) which we all need to stay healthy. Sunlight helps our bodies produce vitamin D. Vitamin D helps our bodies make a special chemical. This special chemical affects our brains (大腦) and makes us feel happy. For example，there are long，dark winters of little sunlight in Sweden and Norway，so many people in these countries often feel sad. Without much sunlight，their bodies produce less vitamin D. Without enough vitamin D，their bodies make less of this special chemical which makes them feel good. To help the people in these countries feel better，special “sunrooms” with artificial (人造的) lights have been built. People can go there and get “sunlight” for an hour or two!

The weather can also affect people’s emotions in other ways. Hot weather can make people angry because people feel uncomfortable when they are hot. In the same way，rain can make people angry because being wet can be unpleasant....

（2010年常州）

32. What can we infer (推斷) from the passage？

A. We feel good when we are in the bright cool weather.

B. We will be happy when we are caught in the rain.

C. All people in Norway and Sweden feel sad in winter.

D. The more vitamin D you have，the happier you’ll be.

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)仔細(xì)研讀文章。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選項(xiàng)B是明顯背離原文 “rain can make people angry because being wet can be unpleasant”的；選項(xiàng)C 的內(nèi)容和原文“dark winters of little sunlight in Sweden and Norway，so many people in these countries often feel sad”幾乎相同，但選項(xiàng)中的 “all” 因擴(kuò)大范圍而產(chǎn)生偏差；選項(xiàng)D則是以“偷梁換柱”的手法迷惑考生，達(dá)到干擾的目的。因此正確答案是A。

（2）根據(jù)文章的結(jié)論推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度

作者的態(tài)度可以是對(duì)所陳述觀點(diǎn)的贊同或反對(duì)，也可以是對(duì)人的贊揚(yáng)、同情、憎恨等。作者的思想傾向和感情色彩通常會(huì)流露于字里行間。因此，在推斷過(guò)程中，考生應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是能體現(xiàn)作者感情色彩的詞。例如：

...Forgetfulness seems to many people an inevitable(不可避免的) part of ageing. As our bodies grow older，most of us find that many things we should remember are slipping out of minds. But new facts show that it’s possible to slow time’s effects on our minds. ...（2010年泰州）

69. The writer thinks that __________. is a big problem we face as we grow older.

A. illnessB. cellD. dietD. forgetfulness

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)反復(fù)研讀上面一段文字，從中不難推斷出作者的觀點(diǎn)是“隨著年齡的增大，健忘是不可避免的一大問(wèn)題”。因此正確答案是D。

（3）利用語(yǔ)境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷

幾乎每篇文章中都會(huì)有一些內(nèi)容帶有褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了作者的心理和寫(xiě)作意圖，恰當(dāng)?shù)匕盐蘸眠@些信息，也能幫助考生準(zhǔn)確地對(duì)文章或作者的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行邏輯判斷。例如：

...You may have heard the expression “curiosity killed the cat”. This means caring too much about things that are not your business might cause problems....（2010年常州）

25. In which of the following situations do we most probably use the expression “curiosity killed the cat”？

A. Someone always asked a lady her age or weight and it made her angry.

B. Someone promised to keep a secret but he failed to do so.

C. Someone won the first prize in an English singing competition and he felt very excited.

D. Someone tried to swim across the Yangtze River with his newly broken legs.

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，考生若憑空臆斷則比較容易錯(cuò)；若能注意到原文中的 “too much” 一詞，同時(shí)結(jié)合“女士忌諱被詢(xún)問(wèn)年齡和體重”這個(gè)常識(shí)，就不難作出正確的判斷了。選A。

4.主旨大意題

主旨大意題旨在考查考生把握全文主題大意和中心思想的能力，也包括分析、歸納文章段落大意、重要情節(jié)、人物特征以及環(huán)境特點(diǎn)等能力。做這類(lèi)試題需要考生具有總體把握文章的能力，以及善于運(yùn)用概念、判斷、歸納推理等邏輯思維能力。同時(shí)考生應(yīng)特別注意的是，一切從文章本身出發(fā)，切忌主觀臆斷。一般而言，英語(yǔ)文章的主題往往用很少幾個(gè)詞加以概括，通常具體反映在文章的題目或一段短文的小標(biāo)題上；不少文章一開(kāi)頭便展示出文章的主題，例如新聞報(bào)道，第一段通常是內(nèi)容梗概，這一段往往表達(dá)了文章的中心思想。但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常貫穿于全文之中。主題段通常簡(jiǎn)要概括文章中心思想，而主題句通常在一段的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾，偶爾也出現(xiàn)在段中。考生在給文章選擇標(biāo)題時(shí)，除了考慮標(biāo)題與文章主題的聯(lián)系外，還需注意標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性，既不能太過(guò)狹窄——概括不夠，也不能大包大攬——過(guò)度概括。例如：

...When I went back to school，his smile often appeared in my mind. I don’t know whether we’ll meet each other again，but his sweet smile will stay there in my memory and deep in my heart. Smiling is the most peaceful language in the daily life....（2010年鎮(zhèn)江）

28. What does the writer mainly want to tell us in the story？

A. The way to choose a right computer.

B. The way to use a computer correctly.

C. The importance of smiling in the daily life.

D. The importance of computers in the daily life.

[簡(jiǎn)析]解該題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)反復(fù)研讀最后一段文章。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章的最后一句話 “Smiling is the most peaceful language in the daily life.” 是這篇文章的中心句。選項(xiàng)C和主題句強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容一致。選C。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

（A）

Having fun “Growing” and “Stealing”？

Recently，the Internet has become a new fashion among young office workers and students. People can “farm” on a piece of“l(fā)and” and “grow”，“sell” or even “steal”“vegetables”，“flowers”，and “fruits” on the Net. They can earn some e-money and buy more “seeds”，“pets”，and even “houses”.

Joyce interviewed some young people. Here are their opinions.

Harold:I don’t quite understand why they are so mad about the childish game. Maybe they are just not confident enough to face the real world.

Allan:I enjoy putting some “bugs” in my friends’ gardens and we’ve become closer because of the game. Having fun together is the most exciting thing about it.

Laura:You know，people in the city are longing for ( = looking forward to) the life in the countryside. It reduces (減輕) my work pressure. Besides，it gives me the exciting experience of being a “thief”.

Ivy:Well，it’s just a waste of time. Teenagers playing the game spend so many hours on it that they cannot focus on their study.

1. According to the passage，people can’t __________. things in this game.

A. grow B. borrowC. stealD. sell

2. From Laura’s words，we can guess that she’s most probably __________..

A. a studentB. an office worker C. a farmer D. a thief

3. Which is Not the reason why people like the game？

A. They are longing for country life.

B. They can have fun with friends.

C. The game can relax people and give them a new experience.

D. They are confident enough to face the real world.

4. Where can you find this passage？

A. In a car magazine. B. In an advertisement.

C. In a newspaper.D. In a science book.

（B）

A mascot (吉祥物) is very important to an event. Do you know what the mascot of Shanghai World Expo 2010 is？Well，it is Haibao. It can be seen almost everywhere in China now. The inspiration of the design comes from a Chinese word “ren”，which means“people” in English. It really looks like a man putting up his hands and saying hello to everyone. The name，Haibao，comes from the Chinese phrase “Si Hai Zhi Bao”. “Hai” means the sea in English，and it also implies (隱含) that it was born in Shanghai. “Bao” is a lucky name in Chinese traditional culture. The name not only means the treasure (寶藏) of the sea，but also means the treasure of Shanghai.

Every part of Haibao’s body has its special meaning. For example，Haibao’s hair is like the wave of the sea. Its smiling face shows its friendliness. Haibao was designed by two artists，one from Shanghai and the other from Taiwan. The design is very successful. It is very easy to remember and it also shows the theme of Shanghai World Expo，“Better City，Better Life.” Haibao is confident，lovely and lively. It is a good ambassador(形象大使) of Shanghai World Expo. It is welcoming friends all over the world with its opening arms and friendly smile.

1. What’s the meaning of the name “Haibao” in the passage？

A. It means sea water.

B. It means the Chinese word “ren”.

C. It means the treasure of the sea and Shanghai.

D. It means a smiling face.

2. How many artists designed the mascot？

A. Two B. Three C. Five D. Eight.

3. What is the theme of Shanghai World Expo 2010？

A. Better City，Better Life.B. One World，One Dream.

C. Welcome Home. D. Share the Spirit.

4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage？

A. Haibao has curly hair and a smiling face.

B. Haibao looks like a man saying hello to everyone.

C. The artists who designed Haibao come from the same place.

D. Haibao is a lucky name in Chinese culture.

（C）

When you see the girl for the first time，you may think she is a boy. She is very outgoing. Who is she？ Wang Meng，the Chinese top skater.

On the evening of February 26th，2010，Wang Meng first got to the finishing line in 1 minute and 29.213 seconds in the women’s 1000 meters short track speed skating final (短道速滑決賽) at the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games (溫哥華冬奧會(huì)). After she succeeded in the 500-meter and 3000-meter races，she won her third gold medal this time. With this one China won after gold medals in the women’s short track speed skating. That helped China first win the team gold medal in Winter Olympics history.

Just before the final race，Wang Meng caught a bad cold and coughed terribly. With the words of “You can，you can do it!” she won at last. She said，“I really feel these three gold medals belong to my team，to China. It was with the help of my team that I won the prize.”

Though Wang Meng is only twenty-four，she has been the most successful Chinese skater. We Chinese are proud of her and her team. We hope she will be faster in Sochi Olympics in 2014.

1. China won __________. gold medals in the women’s short track speed skating.

A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5

2. It took Wang Meng 1 minute and 29.213 seconds to finish the __________. short track speed skating final.

A. women’s 1000 B. men’s 1000

C. women’s 500 D. men’s 500

3. In Wang Meng’s opinion，__________. made her win the prize at last.

A. a strong body B. a bad cold

C. her team’s helpD. much exercise

4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage？

A. Wang Meng is very outgoing like a boy.

B. Wang Meng is the most successful Chinese skater.

C. Chinese people are proud of Wang Meng and her team.

D. China has got the team gold medal twice in Winter Olympics history.

（D）

We recycle (回收利用) rubbish，so why not language？ Recycling language means using vocabulary that you have learnt before again and again. However，unlike rubbish that piles up (堆積) in our environment，if we do not recycle language，we simply forget it. So how do we recycle language？

There are basically three ways to do it. The first is through reading. Go back to your favourite articles and read sure about，make a guess and you will probably guess right. The second way to recycle is through writing. Look at some of your favourite articles and write either a short paragraph or a few sentences in your own words. After you have done this a few times，go back and read through what you have written，checking vocabulary functions. Don’t worry if you have made mistakes. That’s how you learn. The third way to recycle language is by having an imaginary chat with yourself about your favourite articles at home. You can pretend there is someone with you who speaks English and tell him what you are thinking about or how you feel.

1. According to the passage，recycling language means.

A. repeating vocabulary at times

B. revising vocabulary at a proper time

C. learning new vocabulary as much as possible

D. using vocabulary that we have learnt very often

2. If we don’t recycle language，it may.

A. be kept in our mindsB. be forgotten easily

C. pile up in our environment D. disappear from our mind soon

3. The second way to recycle language tells us to.

A. rewrite our favourite articles

B. pay more attention to mistakes

C. practice spoken English with someone