詞匯題解題策略及應試技巧

新課程引領下，江蘇省十三市初中畢業英語學業考試(中考) 在試卷結構、考試內容以及考試要求等方面均作了適當調整，變化最大的是增加了一些具有語境的應用型試題，意在指向以培養學生英語運用能力為目標的英語新課程教學。如詞匯部分，各地試卷均加大了對考生詞匯產出性知識的考查力度。目前十三市中考試卷中有關詞匯的測試題型主要有單詞拼寫、詞形轉換和短文（對話）填詞等，每個考查的單詞都出現在有意義的句子或短文中，這說明了中考詞匯題在關注詞匯寬度測試的同時，也越來越注重詞匯的深度測試。

第一部分 解題策略

詞匯寬度測試主要考查考生應掌握的《課程標準》所規定的詞匯量，而詞匯深度測試主要考查考生對詞匯的掌握情況，即是否能夠正確使用，是否知道常用單詞的各個方面，如形式（音、型）、語義（概念、聯系）、位置（語法、搭配）、功能（熟練、得體）。因此，我們有必要了解詞匯試題的命題結構、方向、規律，準確把握命題人的思路和意圖，以便答題時能從容應對。

做詞匯題一定要善于借助語境從整體上去理解語句的含義，利用上下文信息去推斷應該填寫的單詞。在理解語言環境和句意的基礎上，分析空缺單詞在句子中的語法成分，判斷該詞的詞性，然后將單詞完整地拼寫出來。具體方法如下：

1.利用句中的語言語境來確定詞義

語言語境是指語句內部的環境或稱上下文。利用文中的語言語境來確定詞義，有助于提高詞匯的提取速度和答題正確率。

［例1］ （2009常州市）What he said was already __________（記錄） by the police.

答案：recorded。

評析：record的核心意思為“記載，錄音”。有中文“記錄”意思的單詞短語很多，如note，enter，write down等，但根據句意，他說的話被警察記錄，結合常識，可推斷此處所做記錄應作憑據之用，和文字以及錄音都有關聯。該題把對動詞用法的考查巧妙地設置在考生所熟悉的語境中，不但能看出考生是否知道測試的單詞，而且還考查了形式和拼寫。

［例2］（2010黃岡市）In __________（紀念） of the people who lost their lives in Yushu earthquake， people place flowers beside a building destroyed.

答案：honour。

評析：honour的核心意義是“榮譽，尊敬”“紀念”“向某人表示敬意”等，衍生意義與該詞的核心意義關聯，結合句式和全句意思即可推斷出正確答案。該題有一定的迷惑性，考生如只記得該詞孤立的詞形和對等的單一譯義，那么在應用時就會力不從心。

2.利用詞匯的語法特征來確定詞性

詞匯的語法特征是指詞匯在句法結構上的相互關系，即與詞的使用直接相關的語法范疇或語法型式。例如，動詞discover在使用時，后面經常跟一個名詞詞組或者一個“that”從句，或“wh-詞”從句等等。

［例3］（2009蘇州市）I don’t think Aunt Wu would mind __________（take） care of our children while we’re away.

答案：taking。

評析：mind作及物動詞使用時，后面常常接名詞或相當于名詞的動名詞，也可接“that”從句。根據mind一詞在句子中的語法功能，在本句中其后應接能充當賓語的相當于名詞的詞類，因此所給動詞應使用v+ing的形式。

［例4］ （2010濰坊市） Many teenagers would like to s__________ their photos or articles with others on the Internet.

答案：share。

評析：本題根據would like to do sth.的語法特征，即可對所考單詞的詞性做出正確判斷。這里應填入動詞且為原形。

3.利用詞匯的共現特征來確定詞形

在某一語法型式下兩個或多個詞(特別是名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞) 的反復共現又可稱為搭配，即該詞常常會和哪些詞用在一起。搭配是一個詞所處的最常見和典型的環境。它不只關注實詞與虛詞(如介詞)之間的搭配，更要重視實詞與實詞的搭配關系。確定詞形還包括建立起它的音與形的正確聯系，知道它的書寫形式，并能正確拼寫。

［例5］ （2009鹽城市）Yancheng Science and Technology Museum， opened in May， is a wonderful place for children. It is well w__________ visiting.

答案：worth。

評析：本題未考查worth的語法特征，即通常用在動詞to be之后，其后接名詞、代詞、數詞或動詞的-ing形式，而是將現實生活中的真實事件融入語境中考查對worth單詞的掌握情況。此題的突破口是well，該詞作副詞“很、非?！苯忉寱r，通常只和worth，aware等一起出現。因此，根據句意和worth一詞的共現特征，答案很快就一目了然了。

［例6］（2009徐州市）I’m __________（true） sorry I can’t go to the park with you. I have a lot to do this afternoon.

答案：truly。

評析：能和sorry一起出現的副詞并不是完全開放的，而是有所選擇的，常出現的有truly，really， terribly 等，這是由sorry的意義和人們的使用習慣所決定的。因此，利用共現特征或搭配知識能既快捷又準確地寫出正確單詞。

4．利用句中的線索暗示來確定詞域

正確使用詞匯還包括知道詞匯的使用會隨著功能和情境的變化而受到制約；不同的詞適用于不同的場合，因為有諸多因素限制詞的使用，包括時間、地域、社會、功能和情景等。因此，答題時要根據語句產生時的情況、說話人的關系、時間、地點、方式等情景語境以及語言的文化語境，來確定合適的單詞。

［例7］（2010鹽城市）We are planning to go on a t__________ to Expo 2010 Shanghai during the coming holidays.

答案：trip。

評析：首字母為“t”，意思為“旅行、游歷”的英語單詞有trip，travel，tour，但三個單詞在使用時都有限制，不同的詞適用于不同的場合。如英語中一般很少用a travel， go on a tour 后常接of而不是to，a trip 通常指短程的旅行，go on a trip 還常表示有組織和準備的游玩。從此句中We are planning可知說話人表達的是已列入計劃且目的地很明確的旅行，因此，本題最恰當的答案應是trip。

［例8］（2010河北?。?Steven __________（參加） the school dancing club last year.

答案：joined。

評析：club作為名詞，常規譯作“俱樂部、社團”，與其搭配使用的形容詞有top，local，social，youth，sports等；動詞及短語有join，belong to，become a member of，start，form，run等。因此，根據線索詞club和last year可斷定，這里的表達“參加”之意的單一動詞應為“join”，且為該詞的過去式。

第二部分 應試技巧

作為各項英語語言技能發展基礎的詞匯知識在中考英語試卷中的地位非常重要。中考英語詞匯試題十分強調學生對高頻詞匯的深度習得，突出考查學生在具體情境中運用詞匯的能力。因此，答題時，考生應注意做到以下幾點：

1．聚焦整體冗余信息的理解

運用基本語言知識正確理解包含空缺詞在內的整個句子的冗余信息，從而確定空缺的意義，然后確定與空缺意義相同或相近的詞匯。

2．聚焦語句結構規則的突破

運用內在化的語法和詞匯知識，正確識別句中語法結構詞、短語及慣用語的意思，直接判斷正確的用法和合適的搭配。

3．聚焦語言內在邏輯的探析

在理解語境意義和分析句子結構的前提下，思考所定詞匯的潛在形式及其派生詞，將形式(書面形式和詞類) 、詞義( 概念意義和聯想意義) 和使用(語法行為、搭配、使用頻率、得體性等)相結合。

4. 聚焦答題審核過程的精細

要盡量消滅因答題習慣不好而造成的錯誤，核對時對名詞的數/格，形容詞、副詞的比較級/最高級，數詞、動詞的適當形式以及主謂一致等要特別細心，確保所寫單詞兼顧形式上的銜接和意義上的連貫。

一、根據句意及首字母，寫出各單詞的正確形式，每空填一詞。

1. His laziness makes it impossible for him to a__________ success.

2. The fat man fell a__________ shortly after the film began.

3. Many people complained about the b__________ of some fans who were drunk and loud.

4. The young man held his b__________ as the tiger walked nearer to him.

5. You have a c__________ - you can stay here on your own or you can come with us.

6. The d__________ in temperature between the day and the night here is thirty degrees.

7. As we all know， children should have a happy e__________ at school.

8. There was a traffic accident in this street，but no one was h.

9. We’ve been h__________ for the lost boy all over.

10. It was my younger brother who i__________ me to jazz.

11. The girl was so n__________ about her exams that she couldn’t sleep.

12. It wasn’t very p__________ of you to serve yourself without asking.

13. These books will p__________ us with all the information we need.

14. It is r__________ in the newspaper that twenty men were killed in the accident.

15. His illness was more s__________ than the doctor first thought.

二、根據句意及漢語提示，寫出各單詞的正確形式，每空填一詞。

1. The __________ of plane caused a revolution in our ways of travelling.（發明）

2. It is said that he has a habit of telling __________ stories. （幽默的）

3. There is an important __________ for you from your brother. （消息）

4. We have a growing __________ and therefore we need more food.（人口）

5. I’ve got so much __________ on my desk. It’s unbelievable.（垃圾）

6. A number of his friends had been affected in a __________ way.（相似的）

7. A good __________ has no use for secrets.（科學家）

8. The __________ in New York dropped to minus 10°C last night.（溫度）

9. Many of them said they would __________ pay higher taxes for better health care.（情愿地）

10. Go __________ down the road and then turn left.（一直地）

11. Can you __________ to me a good dictionary？（推薦）

12. You’ll just have to be __________ and wait till I’m off the phone.（有耐性的）

13. When the big tree fell， it brought down two of its smaller .（鄰居）

14. We go to school to get __________ about many different things.（知識）

15. He works in a bank， but his __________ is building model boats.（業余愛好）

三、 根據句意，用括號中所給詞的正確形式填空，每空填一詞。

1. “How dare you take flowers from my garden!”he shouted .（angry）

2. The __________ of living in California is that the weather is so good.（beautiful）

3. To tell you the truth， this is the most __________ movie I have ever seen.（bore）

4. The boy told me that he had had his radio __________ the day before. （repair）

5. Everyone thought the trip to the Great Wall was a most __________ experience. （enjoy）

6. Can you imagine him __________ in the maths test a second time？（fail）

7. When she first came to London， she was newly __________ and out of work. （marry）

8. Before you join the company， you will have to have a __________examination.（medicine）

9. — Did you have a good time at Mary’s birthday party yesterday evening？

— Yes， I enjoyed __________ very much. （me）

10. My father is used to __________ up early every morning. （get）

11. The doctor said that you should follow your __________ plenty of rest in bed.（treat）

12. Women are questioning their __________ role in society， as wives and mothers.（tradition）

13. That’s the __________ goal he’s kicked this season.（twenty）

14. The coat is so dirty that it needs .（wash）

15. Beijing lies in the __________ part of China. （north）

四、根據句意及英語釋義，寫出各單詞的正確形式，每空填一詞。

1. Your __________（the state of being able to do something） to do something is the fact that you can do it.

2. The man was __________（unable to see） in one eye after the illness.

3. After the storm the sea became __________（peaceful，without large waves） again.

4. 'The meal was really __________（very pleasant to taste or smell），she said politely.

5. The more the young students worked，the more __________（having a lot of energy） they became.

6. You can hold the snake，it’s __________（not causing any harm）.

7. You could use the money for __________（to make something better） your home.

8. Don’t you feel __________（unhappy because you are alone） being on your own all day？

9. The （most important） thing is to keep calm and don’t get angry.

10. I can’t work in here because the children are far too __________（making a lot of noise）.

11. To our disappointment， the lake has been seriously __________（dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use）.

12. The teacher will __________（to make someone suffer because they have done something wrong） the children by making them stay after school.

13. Do you __________（to know and understand something） you’re an hour late？

14. “Oh，yes，”said Sebastian with great __________（the state of feeling sad）. “I know. It’s hopeless. ”

15. Can I have a glass of water？ I’m really __________（feeling that you want or need a drink）.

五、根據短文內容和首字母提示，在下文空格處填入適當的詞，使短文完整。

Last year in June， we had a big party to celebrate my mum and dad’s twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. We held the party at my sister’s （1） hand invited all the family and，of course， lots of my parents’ （2） f . A few of my good friends came as well.

（3） Fmy cousin and I lit the barbecue. Then the people started coming and we served drinks. After that we started serving the food. Unfortunately，while I was （4） tto a friend I burnt the sausages!!

My uncle Jim （5） sall evening taking photos. Dad was very funny. I’ll （6） nforget him dancing with mum to one of my heavy metal records. I had a really （7）gtime with all my friends.

The party went on until really late. One of the neighbours came to complain about the noise， （8） bin the end she came in and had a drink. The （9） lpeople to leave were Tom and Sarah. The house was a bit of a mess and my sister （10） mus all a cup of tea. It was a great party!

六、用方框中所給詞語的適當形式填空，使短文正確、通順、連貫。

第三部分 模擬演練

Farmers grow plants and animals on their farms. Is it also possible （1）a farm in the sea？

People in many countries grow freshwater fish from （2）. They move the small fish into lakes and rivers. The fish （3）and grow there. People go fishing in these lakes and rivers. They enjoy （4）. Fish is also good food.

Now Japan grows （5）fish. Most of them are yellowtail fish. Workers grow the fish from eggs. （6）they feed the fish，they play tapes of piano music. The fish learn that piano music means （7）.

When the fish are small， the Japanese （8）them in the ocean near the land. The fish find some of their own food. Workers also feed them. They play the same piano music. The fish （9）know this music. They swim toward it and find the food. In a few months the fish are （10）. The Japanese play the same music. The fish swim toward it and the workers catch them.

The Japanese get about 15 percent of their seafood from farms in the ocean.

參考答案

一、

1. achieve 2. asleep3. behavior 4. breath5. choice6. difference7. environment8. harmed 9. hunting 10. introduced11. nervous

12. polite13. provide14. reported15. serious

二、

1. invention2. humorous 3. message4. population5. rubbish

6. similar 7. scientist8. temperature9. willingly10. straight

11. recommend12. patient13. neighbours14. knowledge15. hobby

三、

1. angrily2. beauty 3. boring 4. repaired5. enjoyable6. failing7. married 8. medical9. myself10. getting 11. treatment

12. traditional13. twentieth14. washing15. northern

四、

1. ability2. blind3. calm4. delicious5. energetic6. harmless

7. improving8. lonely9. main10. noisy11. polluted12. punish

13. realize14. sadness15. thirsty

五、

1. house2. friends3. First4. talking5. spent6. never7. good

8. but9. last10. made

六、

1. to have2. eggs3. live4. catching fish5. saltwater6. Every time7. food8. put9. already10. large