“根據句子意思,用括號內所給單詞的正確形式填空”這一命題形式相信大家都不陌生,這一題型在各地歷年的中考卷中都有出現。所不同的是有的城市除此以外,還有一項專門的“用所給動詞的適當形式填空”題,如江蘇的南京、無錫、常州、鎮江等地,而有的城市則將它們糅合在一道大題里,如徐州、南通等地,所占分值在5分到10分之間。關于用“所給動詞的適當形式填空”這一題型,我在這里就不多贅言,重點來分析一下“用所給單詞的正確形式填空”這一題型。其實對于這種題型,摒棄動詞的時態、語態、非謂語形式等干擾后,我們無外乎從以下這三種情況來進行考慮,即所給單詞詞形的變化、詞性的變化及詞義的變化。我結合2010年江蘇省幾大城市的英語中考試題,逐一進行分析。
一、詞形的變化
詞形的變化包括名詞的單復數、所有格;人稱代詞的主格和賓格形式;形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞;反身代詞;形容詞或副詞的原級、比較級和最高級,基數詞和序數詞之間的互換等。
1.名詞單復數及所有格變化
例1.Could you pass the _____(knife) to me?We need them to make pumpkin lanterns.
(2010,常州)
首先括號中給出了名詞knife,接下來在第二句發現了本題的關鍵詞them,由此可見應該用knife的復數形式。答案為knives。
例2.Many _____(butterfly) have round marks in their wings that look like eyes.
(2010,無錫)
本題其實出現了很多提示詞,如many,have,their,所以答案為復數butterflies。
例3.Have you read _____(today) newspaper?
(2010,宿遷)
今天的報紙,應該用其所有格形式,答案為today’s。
例4.This pretty card belongs to my father as _____(father) Day is coming.
(2010,淮安)
這張漂亮的卡片屬于我的父親是因為父親節就要到來了。父親節的英文表達為Father’s Day,應注意的是除了father用所有格外,首字母f還要大寫。
2.代詞的變化
例5.The forienger enjoyed _____(he) in Qinhu Lake last week.
(2010,泰州)
enjoy oneself是一個固定搭配,表示玩得高興,答案為he的反身代詞形式himself。
3.形容詞或副詞的等級變化
例6.There are only 2 days left.We had better talk _____(little) and do more.
(2010,徐州)
本句子中的more已經給出了暗示,要填上little的比較級less。
例7.Of all the students,our monitor spent the _____(little) time but made the most progress.
(2010,淮安)
“在所有的學生中,我們的班長花了最少的時間卻獲得了最大的進步。”與most相對應可知應該填上little的最高級least。
4.基數詞和序數詞的互換
例8.Jack is busy preparing for a party to celebrate his sister’s _____(twelve) birthday.He wants to give her a big surprise.
(2010,鎮江)
慶祝第十二個生日,那當然應該用序數詞twelfth。
二、詞性的變化
通過構詞法,在所給單詞的后面加上不同的后綴,改變其詞性,從而派生出與之相關的新詞。在這里答題者首先得先理解句子意思,再從語法角度細致分析,最后加上適當的后綴。如空格處需要填名詞,則考慮是否加如-ist,-ese,-tion,-ment,-er,-or,-ness等名詞性后綴;如是形容詞,則考慮是以-y,-ish,-ous,-ful結尾,還是-ed,-ing結尾;如是副詞,通常比較常見的-ly,等等。
1.v.—adj.
例9.Playing too much computer games is _____(harm) to you.
(2010,宿遷)
“玩太多的電腦游戲對你是有害的。”be動詞后跟形容詞構成系表結構。在harm的后面加上形容詞后綴-ful。答案為harmful。
例10.Our planet,Earth,is becoming more and more crowde09cbc0f6a4686291fc371a6adabd3bc6d and _____(pollute)。
(2010,揚州)
“我們的地球正變得越來越擁擠和污染。”動詞pollute的形容詞形式為polluted。
2.adj.—adv.
例11.We should speak to the old man _____(polite).
(2010,宿遷)
“我們必須有禮貌地對老人說話。”副詞修飾動詞短語speak to,因而答案為politely。
例12.This year it has rained so _____(heavy) in South China that lots of problems are caused.
(2010,鎮江)
“今年華南地區下雨嚴重導致了很多的問題。”修飾動詞rain,用副詞heavily。
3.adj.—n.
例13.—On April 14th,an earthquake hit Yushu and destroyed its _____(beautiful) completely.
—It’s a great pity.(2010,鎮江)
“4月14日,一場地震襲擊了玉樹并完全破壞了她的美麗。”這里應該用名詞,答案為beauty。
例14.Do you know the _____(important) of the low-carbon lifestyle.
(2010,泰州)
“你知道低碳生活的重要性嗎?”important的名詞是importance。
4.v.—n.
例15.So far,I haven’t made a _____(decide) about where to go for the coming summer holidays.
(2010,鎮江)
做一個決定,很明顯這里用decide的名詞形式decision。
例16.The kind-hearted _____(hunt) often takes care of the sick baby animals before returning them to the forest.
(2010,淮安)
好心腸的獵人,hunt的名詞形式獵人為hunter。
三、詞義的變化
這種情況通常是在原詞上加上表示否定的前綴,如加上un-,dis-,in/im-,mis-等改變原詞的意思從而達到句子意思的截然相反。
例17.It is _____(possible) for me to design the poster without your help.
(2010,泰州)
根據句子意思,沒有你的幫助,我是不可能設計出海報的。possible的否定形式在其前加im,由此得出答案imposible。
例18.Simon is such a _____(honest) person that no one believes him.
(2010,揚州)
沒有人相信Simon,由此可知他應該是個不誠實的人,答案是dishonest。
最后需要注意的是,有的題目中還會出現包含詞形、詞性、詞義的雙重或多重變化,這就需要答題者分外的細心了。
例19.Four _____(five) of the students in our class have heard about the trip.
(2010,常州)
子基母序是英語分數的表達方法,如果你僅僅以為這里填上fifth那就錯了,分數的英文表達還有一個特點,當分子超過1的時候,分母要變成其相對應的復數形式,由此可知,正確答案應該為fifths。
例20.The guide has collected all the _____(visit) ID cards.
(2010,常州)
比較明顯是首先要將動詞visit改成名詞visitor,而且是復數形式visitors,可是就結束了嗎?很顯然沒有,導游收集的是所有旅客的身份證,要用所有格形式。答案為visitors’。
總之,無論是哪一種情況,我們在做題時候,切忌缺乏思考,無視上下文聯系,提筆就寫。靜下心來,其實還是可以發現一定的答題規律和技巧的。首先我們要判斷出所給詞的詞性,如是名詞,則可以先考慮單復數,一般會是如改y為i再加es的;或是直接加es的;還有就是單復數同形,或者干脆就是特殊變化;如是形容詞,要考慮是不是要改成副詞,等等。二是尋找到句子中的提示詞,如例1中的關鍵提示詞them。三是考慮到固定搭配,如例15中的動詞短語“做決定(make a decision)”。最后聯系上下句,細細推敲,最終確定所給單詞的正確形式。
鞏固練習:用所給單詞的正確形式填空。
1.—Mum,today is your day,the Women’s Day.Here are some _____(flower) for you.
—It’s very thoughtgul of you.Thanks,Kitty.
(2010.南京)
2.The tunnel under the Changjiang River makes it much
_____(easy) to get to Pukou District than before.
(2010.南京)
3.Most parents don’t think it is _____(health) for children to stay up too late at night.
(2010.南京)
4.There’s not too much _____(different) in price between the two mobile phones.
(2010,無錫)
5.Thank you for your _____(value) help and practical advice.
(2010,無錫)
6.Simon hates to be like others,he often tries to do everything _____(different).
(2010,徐州)
7.Some computer games have a bad _____(affect) on people,especially teenagers.
(2010,徐州)
8.Don’t be _____(patient)!You should listen to what he is saying first.
(2010,常州)
9.When the fire happened,the firemen hurried there and carried the children to _____(safe).
(2010,鹽城)
10.His fan rushed towards him _____(short) after the match.
(2010,鹽城)
11.This is the _____(light)and thinnest of all the e-books in the world.
(2010,揚州)
12.It’s _____(true) possible that robot teachers will be popular in schools some day.
(2010,揚州)
13.I think China is one of the most active _____(country) in the world market.
(2010.淮安)
14.—How many _____(tooth) does a dog have?
—Sorry.I have no idea.Let’s searth the Internet.
(2010.宿遷)
15.A computer is _____(expensive) than a TV set.
(2010.宿遷)
Keys:
1.flowers 2.easier 3.healthy 4.difference 5.valuable
6.differently 7.effect 8.impatient 9.safety 10.shortly
11.lightest 12.truly 13.countries 14.teeth 15.more/less expensive