化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)常用句型例談

　　摘 要： 分解反應(yīng)、歧化反應(yīng)、中和反應(yīng)、還原反應(yīng)、氧化反應(yīng)是無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)中重要的反應(yīng)，本文分析了發(fā)生這些反應(yīng)的無(wú)機(jī)物，并列舉了它們發(fā)生反應(yīng)及反應(yīng)條件的英文句型表達(dá)方式，希望對(duì)化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)提供一些參考和借鑒作用。
　　關(guān)鍵詞： 化學(xué)專業(yè) 常用句型 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)
　　
　　化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)是查閱和閱讀化學(xué)外文文獻(xiàn)和撰寫外文資料的重要的基礎(chǔ)課程，該門課程的教學(xué)不僅涵蓋了化學(xué)各學(xué)科的專業(yè)詞匯和化學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的教學(xué)上，更重要的方面還包括化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)常用句型，具體的是化學(xué)性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)、反應(yīng)、制備、用途等表達(dá)方式的教學(xué)上。如何才能完整準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)，上好雙語(yǔ)課程和寫出規(guī)范的化學(xué)英文論文，探討化合物在性質(zhì)、反應(yīng)、結(jié)構(gòu)、制備、用途上的常用句型和搭配方式規(guī)律是很重要的。本文從無(wú)機(jī)化合物典型的化學(xué)反應(yīng)來(lái)探討化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)常用句型表達(dá)方式。
　　一、分解反應(yīng)句型
　　在無(wú)機(jī)化合物中碳酸氫鹽、氯酸鹽、硝酸鹽、過氧化氫、碳酸等易于分解，這些化合物分解常需加熱或催化劑，表示它們分解反應(yīng)的詞為decompose或decomposition，常用句型如下：
　　（1）When water containing HCO is heated，the bicarbonate ion rapidly decomposes to give carbonate，carbon dioxide，and water.
　　（2）When compounds containing nitrates are heated，they do not readily release all of the oxygenatoms in the compound.They decompose to give a compound that is a nitrite along with oxygen gas.
　　（3）When compounds containing chlorates are heated，they decompose to give the metal chloride and oxygen gas.
　　（4）Hydrogen peroxide undergoes decomposition in the presence of catalyst to produce oxygen gas and water.The iodide ion or MnO2 catalyzes this reaction.
　　（5）Carbonic acid is a very unstable substance and decomposes to give carbon dioxide and water.
　　經(jīng)常對(duì)具有分解反應(yīng)的無(wú)機(jī)物加以綜合，不僅有助于專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)，也有助于無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)。另外，某些金屬碳酸鹽、氫氧化物等也可發(fā)生分解反應(yīng)。
　　二、歧化反應(yīng)
　　歧化反應(yīng)也是無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)中的重要反應(yīng)，三價(jià)猛和錳酸鹽在溶液中會(huì)發(fā)生歧化反應(yīng)，氯和溴在堿性介質(zhì)中也易歧化，氧化亞銅在稀硫酸酸性條件下岐化為二價(jià)銅和金屬銅。掌握一些無(wú)機(jī)物的歧化反應(yīng)結(jié)合化合物的名稱和兩個(gè)英語(yǔ)詞匯disproportionation和disproportionate可以用專業(yè)英語(yǔ)很好地描述該反應(yīng)。
　　（1）Mn3+ is unstable；its disproportionation is spontaneous.
　　（2）Manganate ion is also instable in unstable in acidic solution；its disproportionation gives permanganate and manganese（II）ion.
　　（3）In the sodium carbonate solutions，bromine disproportionates to form sodium bromide and sodium bromate.
　　（4）Chlorate salts form when Cl2 disproportionates in hot alkaline solutions.Hypochlorites form in cold alkaline solutions.
　　三、中和反應(yīng)
　　在無(wú)機(jī)反應(yīng)中，酸堿中和形成鹽發(fā)生中和反應(yīng)，常用的詞匯有名詞neutralization和動(dòng)詞neutralize。它們?cè)诰渥又械奈恢眉懊枋鲈摲磻?yīng)的句型如下：
　　（1）CaCl2 is a salt formed during the neutralization reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide.
　　（2）A salt and water are formed when sulfuric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide.
　　（3）A neutralization reaction involves the combination of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to form water.
　　（4）Ammonia undergoes neutralization reaction with hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride.
　　四、還原反應(yīng)句型
　　金屬的制備或冶煉等常用還原法，reduction和reduce可用于描寫還原反應(yīng)。典型的例句如下：
　　（1）After purification，the tin（IV） oxide is reduced with carbon to produce tin metal.
　　（2）Calcium，strontium，and barium are obtained by the reduction of their oxides with aluminum.
　　（3）Tin（II）chloride is a good reducing agent and is used in the quantitative analysis iron ores to reduce Fe（III）to Fe （II）in aqueous solution.
　　（4）Pb（IV）compounds tend to undergo reduction to compounds of Pb（II）and therefore good oxidizing agents.
　　（5）Chromium（II）compounds can be prepared by the reduction of Cr（III）compounds with zinc in acidic solution.
　　（6）Pure Cr can be obtained in small amounts by reducing Cr2O3 with Al in a reaction similar to the thermite reaction.
　　五、氧化反應(yīng)句型
　　硝酸、濃硫酸、高錳酸鉀、重鉻酸鉀等都是強(qiáng)氧化劑，有關(guān)它們的反應(yīng)涉及氧化反應(yīng)，常見氧化反應(yīng)句型如下：
　　
　　（1）Both Cu and Ag react with concentrated H2SO4 or HNO3.The metals are oxidized to Cu2+ and Ag+，respectively，and the reduction products are SO2 and NO.
　　（2）The HNO3 oxidizes the metal and Cl- from the HCl promotes the formation of the stable complex ion［AuCl4］-.
　　（3）Concentrated H2SO4 is a sufficiently strong oxidizing agent to oxidize Br- to Br2 and I- to I2.
　　（4）Then sulfur trioxide is produced by oxidizing SO2 in an exothermic，reversible reaction.
　　（5）Sulfites are good reducing agents and easily oxidized by O2.
　　（6）Ammonia and CuO can Undergo oxidation-reduction to form nitrogen.
　　（7）When copper reacts with dilute nitric acid，Copper is oxidized to copper（II） nitrate，and nitric acid is reduced to nitrogen monoxide.
　　（8）Firstly，ammonia is converted to NO by oxidation in the presence of platinum，followed by reaction with air and then water to yield nitric acid.
　　六、化合物電離
　　酸、堿、鹽在水中電離出氫離子、氫氧根離子、正離子或陰離子。它們與化學(xué)反應(yīng)不同，沒有形成新的物質(zhì)，只是離解出離子，可以用ionize和dissociate來(lái)描述。
　　（1）When ammonia dissolves in water，the aqueous solution partially ionize into ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.
　　（2）Nitric acid is a strong acid，it is completely ionized to hydrogen ion and nitrate ion.
　　（3）Water very slightly ionize to hydronium and hydroxide ions.
　　（4）Hydrogen sulfate ions dissociate in water into hydrogen ion and sulfate.
　　（5）Hydrosulfuric acid is a weak acid，it can partly ionize to hydrogen sulfide ion.
　　（6）Sulfuric acid is a strong diprotic acid and it almost completely ionize in water to hydrogen sulfate ion in the first step.
　　
　　參考文獻(xiàn)：
　　［１］Ralph H.Petrucci等.普通化學(xué)原理與應(yīng)用（第八版影印版）.高等教育出版社.
　　［2］Michael Lewis.化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)（圖示教程）.上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社.