馬澤
【摘要】句子是人們傳遞信息、表達或交流思想的語言單位。句法以句子為對象,研究句子的形式和用法。本文通過典型實例,按照句子結構劃分,將句子分為三種類型:簡單句、并列句和復合句,以使句子更加容易正確理解。簡單句的五大句型是英語表達中最基本的句型。在閱讀中,常常需要借助于劃分句子成分來幫助理解句意;在書面表達中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力也是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達清楚作者的思想。
【關鍵詞】句子結構 句型 熱點 考查
【中圖分類號】H034 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】2095-3089(2012)05-0093-02
根據語法形式,即句子的結構,英語的句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。
一、簡單句:
只包含一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語動詞(或并列謂語動詞)。英語簡單句由于所用的主要動詞不同(即系動詞、不及物動詞和及物動詞),就產生了簡單句的五種基本句型。
(一)主語 + 系動詞 + 表語
We are teachers.
主 謂
系動詞包括下面幾種:
1. 表示感覺、視覺: feel, seem, appear, look, taste, smell, sound等。
2. 表示變化: turn, become, get, grow, go, come, run, fall等。
3. 表示保持某種狀態: keep, be, stay, remain, continue, stand, sit等。
(二)主語 + 不及物動詞
The rain stopped.
主 謂
(三)主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語
We like the delicious food.
主 謂
(四)主語 + 及物動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語
Tom tells him the way to the station.
主謂
(五)主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補語
He called me Amanda.
主 謂
二、并列句:
包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結構的句子叫并列句(構成并列句的簡單句常被叫作分句),句與句之間通常用并列連詞或逗號來連接。
We help them and they help us.
主 謂主 謂
常用的并列連詞可以分為四種:
1. 平行關系and, as well as, along with, not only… but (also)…, neither…nor…等。
The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.
2. 轉折關系 but, yet, however, nevertheless, while等。
He is young, but he knows how to take care of him.
3. 選擇關系 or, otherwise, rather than, either…or…等。
Hurry up, or youll miss the train.
4. 因果關系 for, so, therefore, hence等。
The weather is fine, so I want to go shopping.
三、復合句:
有兩個或更多的主謂結構,通常由一個主句和一個分句構成。 在復合句中,主句是句子的主體,通常可以獨立存在;從句是主句的一個句子成分,不能獨立存在,但它也有主語部分和謂語部分。根據從句在主句中所發揮的語法功能將復合句分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。
He said that he would come.
主句從句
(一)名詞性從句: 在句子中充當主語、賓語、表語與同位語的句子分別叫作主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句, 這些統稱為名詞性從句。
1. 主語從句:在復合句中用作主語的從句。為了保持句子平衡,主語從句常用it作形式主語,將主語從句后置。
1)It is + 名詞 + that從句
2)It is + 形容詞 + that從句
3)It + 動詞 + that從句
4)It is + 過去分詞 + that從句
2. 賓語從句:在復合句中作主句的賓語??梢宰髦骶渲^語動詞的賓語,也可以作介詞的賓語。
He asked his girlfriend if she has received his letter.
3. 表語從句:放在連系動詞之后,充當復合句中的表語。
The problem is that the family is short of money right now.
4. 同位語從句:用于對前面的名詞作進一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內容。同位語從句一般由that引導。同位語從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise等后面。
The news that he will come to see me makes me happy.
(二)定語從句:在復合句中,修飾某一名詞、詞組或代詞的從句。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞叫作先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞引出。
1. 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。其中that 可以修飾人或物,在句中作主語或賓語;which 用來修飾物,在句中做主語或賓語;who 用來修飾人在句中作主語或賓語; whom用來修飾人,在句中作主賓語; whose可以修飾人或物,在句中作定語(若指物,它還可以同of which互換);as可以修飾人或物或事情,在句中作主語或賓語。
Thats the teacher who /that teaches us English.
2. 關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞有:when, where, why等。
1) when指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。
Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.
2) where 指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
This is the place where I studied in my childhood.
3) why 指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。
Is this the reason why she refused his offer?
3. 限制性和非限制性定語從句
定語從句分限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句兩種。
1) 限制性定語從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語從句,如果將這種定語從句省去,主句的意思就會不完整或不明確。不用逗號分開。
She is the nurse who looks after my uncle.
2) 非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的附加說明,如果將這種定語從句省去,也不影響主句的意思,它和主句之間常用逗號分開。
The gift is from my mother, who is working in the factory.
4. as 可作為關系代詞來引導定語從句
1) as 引導的非限制性定語從句,相當于which引導的非限制性定語從句。
He is from Beijing, as you know.
He is from Beijing, which you know.
2) 關系代詞常出現在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等結構中。
Such books as you bought are useful.
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,as可置于句首,而which不可置于句首。
As you know, he is from Beijing.
He is from Beijing, which you know.
5. 關系代詞that 的用法
1) 關系代詞that 與which 用法的區別
(1)which 可以引導一個非限制性定語從句,that 則不能。
He had failed in the English, which made his father very angry.
(2)which 之前可以有介詞,that則不能。
This is the house in which Tom used to live.
2) 只能用that,而不能用 which 的情況
(1)當先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything,等不定代詞時。
That is all that I want to tell you.
(2)當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾時。
The first place that I visited in China was the Great Wall.
This is the most beautiful place that I have seen.
(3)當先行詞被 the very, the only, the just 等詞修飾時。
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.
(4)當先行詞中既有人又有物時。
He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.
(5)如果有兩個定語從句,其中一句的關系代詞是 which,另一句則用that。
Let me show you the book that I borrowed from Bob which was newly open to us.
(三)狀語從句:在復合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。
1. 時間狀語從句通常由when, as, while, after, before, since, as soon as, since, till(until), while, whenever等引導。
I cant recognize you. You have changed a lot since I met you last time.
2. 地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever等引導。
Anywhere she goes, her brother goes too.
3. 原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導。
Mary eats ice cream so much because she likes sweet food.
4. 目的狀語從句通常由so that…, so…hat…, in order that…等引導,往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can/could/ may/might等情態動詞。
Jim got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.
5. 結果狀語從句通常由so that…, so…that…等引導,放在句尾。結果狀語從句一般表示已經發生的事情,故多為過去時態。
Tom lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.
6. 讓步狀語從句通常由though(although), as, even if(even though), however, whatever等引導。
She wears a T ̄shirt though it is cold today.
7. 條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導,條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現在時替代。
You will fail in the coming final exams unless you work as hard as you can.
If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we shall go skating.
參考文獻:
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