牛利平
〔關鍵詞〕 中學英語語法教學;賓語補足語;
用法
〔中圖分類號〕 G633.41
〔文獻標識碼〕 C
〔文章編號〕 1004—0463(2012)
12—0081—01
英語中某些及物動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語,意思才完整,賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。而復合賓語的第一部分通常由名詞或代詞充當,第二部分表示第一部分的名詞或代詞發出的動作或身份、特征等,稱為賓語補足語。常見的賓語補足語有八種形式:
1.許多動詞可跟“賓語 + to do…”構成句子,句中的不定式作賓語補足語;否定形式為“動詞+賓語+not to do…”。例如:My boss told me to type out two letters.
句中“My boss”作主語,“told”作謂語,“me”作賓語,劃線部分作賓語補足語。請看下面的句子:
They forbade her to leave the country.
Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.
2.有些動詞可跟“賓語+to be…”構成句子,句中的不定式作賓語補足語。例如:I consider him to be the best candidate.
句中“I”做主語,“consider”作謂語,“him”作賓語,“to be the best candidate”作賓語補足語。請看下面的句子:
I know him to be a liar.
I suppose him to be away from home.
3.有些動詞(感官動詞和使動詞)后可跟不帶“to”的不定式構成句子,句中的不定式作賓語補足語。例如:He saw her enter the room.
句中“He”做主語,“saw”作謂語,“her”作賓語,“enter the room”作賓語補足語。請看下面的句子:
She won''t let me do it.
I heard her lock the door.
We watched the children play games.
這類句子變為被動結構時,不定式前加“to”。請看下列句子,句中最后的不定式作賓語補足語。例如:A child was seen to enter the building. She was often heard to sing this song.
4.“help”后的不定式可加“to”,也可不加“to”,但被動結構中要加to。例如:I''ll help you(to) push the cart.句中“I”做主語,“will help”作謂語,“you”作賓語,句中最后的不定式作賓語補足語。上句的被動語態為:You''ll be helped to push the cart.
5.有些“動詞+介詞”的結構后也可跟不定式構成句子,句中的不定式作賓語補足語。例如:He shouted to me to come over.句中“He”做主語,“shouted”作謂語,“to”為介詞,“me”作賓語,最后一個不定式作賓語補足語。
6.作賓語補足語的不定式,如果表示的動作在謂語所表示情況之前發生,就需要用完成形式:He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee.句中“He”做主語,“was known”作謂語,使用了被動語態。由句意可知,“為國際奧委會工作”發生在前,“大家知道”發生在后。故不定式部分用完成形式,在句中作賓語補足語。
7.作賓語補足語的不定式,表示一個正在進行的動作時需用進行形式:He is believed to be living in Mexico.句中“He”做主語,“is believed”作謂語,使用了被動語態。由于句子表達主語現在正在發生的情況,故用不定式的進行形式,句中不定式作賓語補足語。請看下列句子:
Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps.
He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
間或不定式作賓語補足語也可用于完成進行時。例如:She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years.
8.不定式作賓語補足語的被動形式:He didn''t want her son to be taken away.句中“She”做主語,“didn''t want”作謂語,“her son”作賓語,由于“her son”與“take away”之間為被動關系,故用被動形式,句中不定式作賓語補足語。請看下列句子:
I''d like this room to be redecorated.
He didn''t wish the subject to be mentioned in the letter.
編輯:楊慧芳