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旁觀災難,不等于無情

2012-04-29 00:00:00ByEricG.Wilson譯/周穎
新東方英語 2012年11期

Stop staring. I bet you heard this more than once growing up. This command, after all, marks the unbridgeable gap between the impulsiveness of the child, who gawks at whatever seizes his attention, and the adult’s social awareness, based on a fear of giving offense.

The auto mechanic has a huge mole on his nose. There’s a woman crying unaccountably2) in the supermarket aisle. The little boy looks and looks, while the mother pulls him away, scolding all the while.

Most children eventually get the point and quit their gaping. For good reason: Although we’re tempted to gaze at the car wreck on the side of the highway, suffering is involved.

But let’s be honest. We’re running late for work. We hit a traffic jam. We creep angrily ahead, inch by inch, until we finally see the source of the slowdown: an accident. As we near the scene, we realize that the highway’s been cleared. The dented cars are on the shoulder3). This is just an onlooker delay, rubberneckers braking to stare.

We silently judge all those seekers of sick thrills—for making us late, for exploiting the misfortune of others. Surely we won’t look, we tell ourselves as we pull beside the crash. Then it comes: the need to stare, like a tickle in the throat before a cough or the awful urge to sneeze. We hold it back until the last minute, then gawk for all we’re worth, enjoying the experience all the more because it’s frowned upon.

Is there a benefit to rubbernecking? Why do we do this? Our list of morbid4) fascinations is longer than we’d like to admit, including disaster footage on the TV news, documentaries featuring animal attacks, sordid5) reality shows, funny falls on YouTube, celebrity scandals, violent movies and television shows, gruesome video games, mixed martial arts6), TMZ7), Gawker8), and the lives of serial killers.

Everyone loves a good train wreck. We are enamored of ruin. Our secret and ecstatic wish: Let it all fall down. Why? Does this macabre9) propensity10) merely reflect humanity’s most lurid tendencies? Or might this grimmer side produce unexpected virtues?

In Killing Monsters: Why Children Need Fantasy, Superheroes, and Make—Believe Violence, Gerard Jones argues that children can benefit from exposure to fictional violence because it makes them feel powerful in a “scary, uncontrollable world.” The child’s fascination with mayhem11) has less to do with the fighting and more to do with how the action makes her feel. Children like to feel strong. Those committing violence are strong. By pretending to be these violent figures, children take on their strength and with it negotiate daily dangers.

Carl Jung12) made a similar argument for adults. He maintained that our mental health depends on our shadow, that part of our psyche that harbors our darkest energies, such as murderousness. The more we repress the morbid, the more it foments neuroses or psychoses. To achieve wholeness, we must acknowledge our most demonic inclinations.

Yes, I took pleasure in my enemy’s tumble from grace. No, I couldn’t stop watching 9/11 footage. Once we welcome these unseemly admissions as integral portions of our being, the devils turn into angels. Luke13) owns the Vader14) within, offers affection to the actual villain; off comes the scary mask, and there stands a father, loving and in need of love.

The gruesome brings out the generous: a strange notion. But think of the empathy that can arise from witnessing death or destruction. This emotion—possibly the grounding of all morals—is rare, but it frequently arises when we are genuinely curious about dreadful occurrences.

Renaissance scholars kept skulls on their desks to remind them how precious this life is. John Keats believed that the real rose, because it is dying, exudes more beauty than the porcelain one.

The man in the photo was blessing the rescue workers before their day’s hellish efforts. They kneeled amidst the fog—covered wreckage, heads bowed. I hit the play button. The commentator spoke. As the search for bodies lengthened and grief and fatigue worsened; as hopes coalesced only to be immediately crushed; as firemen, bonded by their labor, grew close; as those who had lost their children and their parents, their wives and their husbands, realized the depth of their affection—as all of this was transpiring—this horrific terrain had turned into “holy ground.”

In the summer of 2010, I visited the National September 11th Memorial Museum in New York City. Photographs of the tragedy and its aftermath covered the walls. On a portable audio player, I listened to commentaries on each. After an hour of taking in the devastation, raw with sadness and wanting nothing more than to return to my wife and daughter, I stood before a picture of a clergyman praying in an eerie gray haze.

At that moment, I understood the terrible logic of suffering: When we agonize over what has cruelly been taken from us, we love it more, and know it better, than when we were near it. Affliction can reveal what is most sacred in our lives, essential to our joy. Water, Emily Dickinson writes, is “taught by thirst.”

Staring at macabre occurrences can lead to mere insensitivity—gawking for a cheap thrill—or it can result in stunned trauma, muteness before the horror. But in between these two extremes, morbid curiosity can sometimes inspire us to imagine ways to transform life’s necessary darkness into luminous vision. Go ahead. Stare. Take a picture. It will last longer.

不要再瞪著眼看了!這樣的話我敢說你從小到大聽過不止一次。說到底,這個命令標志著孩童的好奇心和成人的社會意識之間一種不可逾越的差距:孩子總是會瞪大眼睛去看任何吸引他注意力的東西,而成年人則擔心這樣會冒犯他人。

汽車修理工的鼻子上有一顆巨大的痣。超市貨架間有個女人不知什么原因在嚎啕大哭。小男孩看了又看,而媽媽則一邊拖著他走,一邊不停地責罵。

大多數孩子最終都能明白過來,不再張大嘴巴看稀奇。理由很充分:盡管我們都忍不住要看一看公路邊的車禍場面,當事人卻是痛苦的。

不過還是讓我們實話實說吧。我們上班快要遲到了,結果卻遇到了交通擁堵。我們強壓怒火緩緩前行,一寸一寸地向前移動,最后終于看到導致車流緩慢的罪魁禍首:一場交通事故。駛近車禍現場后,我們發現道路實際上已清理完畢。撞壞的汽車已移到緊急停車道上。剛才的擁堵只不過是人們好奇旁觀而引起的,是看客們紛紛剎車觀看的緣故。

我們心里默默地認定那些人是一群追尋變態刺激的看客——他們讓我們遲到,還將自己的快樂建立在別人的不幸之上。我們一邊緩緩地將車開到事故車輛旁,一邊告訴自己:我們肯定不會去看的??删驮谶@時,看客的欲望還是如期而至,就像嗓子眼發癢,忍不住要咳嗽一樣,又像一個來勢兇猛的噴嚏,非打不可。終于我們忍無可忍,目不轉睛地盡情瞧了個夠,越是知道這樣做別人會有意見,我們就越是看得津津有味。

旁觀有什么好處嗎?我們為什么要這樣做?實際上,我們變態的嗜好要遠比我們所樂于承認的多,包括熱衷于電視新聞上的災難鏡頭、動物廝殺的紀錄片、粗鄙的真人秀、YouTube上滑稽可笑的摔倒片段、名人丑聞、充滿暴力的影視節目、陰森可怖的電子游戲、綜合格斗比賽、美國名人消息網和高客網之流的八卦網站、系列殺人犯的生平介紹等等。

人人都喜歡看火車失事。我們對毀滅情有獨鐘。我們有一個瘋狂的秘密心愿:讓一切都倒塌垮掉!為什么?這種恐怖嗜好難道僅僅反映了人類最可怕的脾性?還是說人類心理的這一陰暗面有可能產生什么意料之外的好處嗎?

在《屠殺怪物:為什么兒童需要幻想、超級英雄和虛構的暴力》一書中,作者杰拉德·瓊斯認為,兒童能夠從接觸虛構暴力的過程中獲益,因為那樣可以讓他們在一個“無法控制的恐怖世界”里感覺到自己力量的強大。兒童對暴力行為的迷戀,與其說是與格斗有關,倒不如說與兒童自身對格斗行為的感受有關。孩子們喜歡強大的感覺。那些實施暴力的人是強大的。通過把自己想象成那些暴力人物,孩子們可以獲得他們的力量,并利用這種力量來應對日常生活中的危險事件。

卡爾·榮格對成年人也持有類似的觀點。他認為,人類的精神健康取決于自身的“陰影”,即蘊涵著我們最黑暗能量的那部分心理狀態,如殺人心態。我們越是壓抑變態心理,它就越容易使我們患上神經疾病,或者使我們精神失常。要達到心理上的健全,我們就必須承認自己擁有最具惡魔性的一面。

是的,看到對手失去恩寵,我總是幸災樂禍。沒錯,對于有關9·11恐怖事件的錄像,我總是看不夠。一旦我們勇于承認這種不健康的心理,并將其看成是人性不可分割的一部分,魔鬼也就變成了天使。正義的絕地武士盧克的內心中也有惡棍維德的一面,他對于這個惡棍也傾注了一定的感情。而惡棍維德一旦摘下恐怖的面具,站在我們眼前的就是一位父親,一位慈愛也需要被愛的父親。

大災產生大善——這是一個奇怪的邏輯。但試想一下,在目睹死亡或者毀滅之后,我們產生的那種感同身受的心理狀態。這種感情——它也許是所有道德產生的基礎——雖然很少見,但它經常會在我們對恐怖事件真正感到好奇之時出現。

文藝復興時期的學者們喜歡將人的頭顱擺在書桌上,以提醒自己生命之寶貴。約翰·濟慈則認為,真正的玫瑰正是因為終將枯萎,因而才比瓷制的玫瑰更有美感。

照片中的這個男人正在祝福救援人員,他們面臨的將是一整天地獄般的搜救工作。在霧氣繚繞的廢墟中,他們跪了下來,深深地低垂著頭。我按下播放鍵。解說員開始解說。當搜尋尸體的時間不斷延長,悲傷與疲憊都已不堪忍受之時;當希望剛剛升起隨即又破滅之時;當消防員在并肩作戰的過程中結下深厚友誼之時;當那些失去了孩子、父母、妻子或丈夫的人們意識到自己對親人的深深愛意之時——當所有這一切發生時,這塊恐怖地帶卻變成了一片“神圣之地”。

2010年夏天,我參觀了位于紐約市的9·11國家紀念館。紀念館的墻上貼滿了記錄這一悲劇及其創傷的照片。通過一臺便攜式播放器,我聽到了每一幅照片的解說。在看了一個小時的災難場面之后,我已無法抑制內心的悲痛,心中只想趕緊回到妻子與女兒身邊。這時我在一幅照片前停了下來:照片中,一位牧師正在一片灰蒙蒙的陰森霧氣中祈禱。

剎那間,我明白了痛苦的可怕邏輯。當我們為那些被從身邊無情奪走的東西而感到痛苦萬分時,我們對它的愛也更為強烈,對它的理解也更為深刻,其程度要遠遠超過它還在我們身邊的時候。痛苦能夠讓我們認識到什么是我們生命中最神圣的東西,什么是攸關我們人生幸福的東西。正如艾米莉·迪金森詩中所寫的那樣:“借由干渴”,我們才懂得什么叫水。

對災難性事故的旁觀有可能僅僅使人麻木——僅為獲得廉價的刺激而看熱鬧——也可能會令人深受震撼、留下創傷,以至于在慘狀面前患上失語癥。但在這兩種極端之間,對可怕事件的好奇有時會激勵我們想方設法將人生中不可避免的黑暗變成光明的愿景。去吧,睜大眼睛去看吧。別忘了拍照。照片更為持久。

1.rubberneck [?r?b?nek] vi. (好奇)觀看,伸長脖子看

2.unaccountably [??n??ka?nt?bli] adv. 不可解釋地,莫名其妙地

3.shoulder [????ld?(r)] n. (道路兩旁的)路肩;緊急停車處

4.morbid [?m??b?d] adj. 病態的;對(不好的事情)感興趣的

5.sordid [?s??d?d] adj. 卑鄙的

6.mixed martial arts:綜合格斗,是一種集觀賞性、娛樂性、競技性于一體的運動項目。它是拳擊、跆拳道、柔道和摔跤等運動的結合,可以說是搏擊運動的“十項全能”。

7.TMZ:美國名人消息網,TMZ是“thirty—mile zone”的縮寫,該網站專門搜集名人八卦與花邊新聞。

8.Gawker:高客網,美國著名的八卦網站,最有名的明星追蹤網站之一,其信條是“信謠、傳謠、不造謠”。

9.macabre [m??kɑ?br?] adj. 恐怖的,令人毛骨悚然的

10.propensity [pr??pens?ti] n. 傾向,癖好

11.mayhem [?me?hem] n, 大混亂,大破壞

12.Carl Jung:即卡爾·G·榮格(Carl G. Jung , 1875~1961),瑞士心理學家和精神分析醫師,分析心理學的創立者。后文提到的shadow (陰影)在榮格的理論中指的是一種低級的、動物性的種族遺傳,具有許多不道德的欲望和沖動。

13.Luke:《星球大戰》(Star Wars)中正義的絕地武士盧克·天行者(Luke Skywalker),是下文提到的維德(Vader)的兒子,與維德處于對立的局面。

14.Vader:《星球大戰》中的達斯·維德(Darth Vader)。達斯·維德原名安納金·天行者(Anakin Skywalker),以前也是絕地武士,曾經在共和國時代捍衛銀河系的真理和正義。在共和國向帝國轉變的時期,整個銀河系陷入一片混亂,安納金墮入了黑暗面,成了惡貫滿盈的維德。

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