卡夫卡與殘雪小說中荒誕意識之比較

摘 要：卡夫卡和殘雪分別是西方現代主義的先驅和中國新時期先鋒作家，盡管他們生活在不同的社會歷史背景下，有著不同的生活經歷，但兩位作家在他們的作品中都表現出了濃厚的荒誕意識。本文試圖以比較文學平行研究的方法，分析卡夫卡與殘雪小說中荒誕意識的異同。

關鍵詞：卡夫卡；殘雪；荒誕意識；比較

[中圖分類號]：I106 [文獻標識碼]：A

[文章編號]：1002—2139（2012）—18—00—01

Many people believe that Can Xue and Kafka are just similar in exploring the theme of human beings’ soul， and this study often pays more attention to the aspect that Kafka affects Can Xue. Actually， it is not just so. However， they enjoy great similarities in deep levels such as spiritual implications， performing characteristics and artistic values. While the author thinks， the greatest similarity is that they all focus on the absurdity of the world and the human beings； both their novels are filled with a strong sense of absurdity. Therefore， What are similarities and differences between them？

1.Similarities

1.1 The hero without identity

The character in Kafka’s fictions almost is just a symbol； their images are filled with incomprehensible blur. In these figures， the 1 overcomes the truth， lies outweigh the truth and the strange replaces the sense. While all the things combine with our real world， this shows us the absurdity of the modern situation in Kafka’s novels. In common with Kafka， Can Xue creates a large number of symbolic characters in her novel's unique system.

1.2 Indifferent supporting family

Perhaps Kafka and Can Xue have in common with their experience， when they create new characters； they tend to choose the minor character to show the absurdity. Take The Metamorphosis for example； there are a series of supporting roles showing us the family indifferences. The hero Gregor woke up to find himself turn into a big beetle， before that he was a salesman and he caught the train every day， entrusted with the hope of the family， supported the family life， and the amiable brother in the eyes of his sister. Unfortunately， he did not get the warmth from the people around him. ‘His father squeezed fist， as if made Gregor go back to his room； his mother would faint when she saw his ugly appearance， while his sister became disgust and hatred， repeatedly offered to get rid of this burden. The author has tried to tell us the absurdity between the men.

In Can Xue’s novels， she demonstrates alienation of affection through a series of secondary characters， and she will show indifference and hatred between people. The characters cannot communicate with other people because of human being’s evils； she thinks the people and the world are absurd.

2.Differences

2.1 Kafka—The resistance of the weak

Kafka is the earliest western writer who shows the ‘humble weak’； therefore， he has a laudatory name of the ‘genius weak’. His eyes firmly fix on the human souls. In addition， he uses unique way to explore the human soul； the human heart is full of confusions and crisis. Thus， the social pressure overwhelms them in his works， the people cannot control their destiny； Kafka will use the weak person’s views to notice the world and create ‘the weak epic’.

In Kafka's world， if there are more resistances and more fights， the hero will become weaker and smaller. They come from the fate， but people cannot escape from them. The people always run into the outside world and often in a ‘defendant’ statue， so that it cannot make the outside world understood their trials. The weak person cannot grasp his destiny， no matter how hard they try to do. This is perhaps Kafka's most real experience.

2.2 Can xue—The unity of the opposition

Can—Xue thinks that pain is a kind of enlightenment. In The Brother， this book shows that the hero looks for her brother； I own a new understanding of my nature. This in her later novels is particularly conspicuous. Can Xue’s opposite consciousness is also obviously in her later creative works. It shows that the hero and the absurd group are opposition.

For example， ‘I’ was against the world， while I regarded my bother as the center in my life. ‘I’ looked for my brother， but my bother hid and refused to appear. My brother's friends and neighbors done everything possible to hide the ideas， which ‘I’ wanted to find my brother. However， ‘I’ did not give up and continually explore the opposing world. Firstly， ‘I’ asked a pair of man and woman to inquire about my brother’s destination， and then I asked an old woman. Soon a man entered into my visual field， but I cannot remember who he is. We would quickly have no barriers to exchange our information. My brother was a senior officer in The Castle and The Law， ‘I’ am ‘K’， in order to meet my brother， and I kept searching. ‘I’ attempted to break through this enigmatic world and hoped to seek the communication in the opposition.

Conclusion

Although Kafka and Can Xue live in different time and space， and they experience the different cultural tradition and social reality. Their works mainly show that the world and the human beings are absurd， and the reality is terrible. Therefore， we can see many incredible things in their novels. The life cannot hide the insidious and cruel side； it is certainly that literature shows the ideal.

Bibliography ：

[1]、 Albert， Camus. The Myth of Sisyphus， and other essays. New York： A Division of Random House， Inc. Press， 1991.

[2]、 Can， Xue. The Old Floating Cloud. Chongqing： Northwestern University Press， 1992.

[3]、 Franz， Kafka. The Metamorphosis. Philadelphia： Quirk Books， 2011.

[4]、 Franz， Kafka. The Trial. England： Penguin Classic Press， 2000.

[5]、 Jonathan， Law. The penguin Dictionary of the Theatre. England： Clays Ltd. Press， 1988.

[6]、 殘雪.靈魂的城堡——理解卡夫卡[M].上海：上海文藝出版社，1999.

[7]、 殘雪.殘雪自選集[M].海南：海南出版社，2004.

[8]、 曹衛軍. 20世紀西方現代派文學中的荒誕[J]. 鞍山師范學院學報，2003，5： 71～73.

[9]、 羅蟠.殘雪與卡夫卡小說比較研究[M].北京：人民出版社，2006.

[10]、 葉廷芳.論卡夫卡[M].北京：中國社會科學出版，1988.

[11]、 Franz，Kafka.ACountryDoctor，http：//records.viu.ca/～johnstoi/kafka/countrydoctor.htm， （accessed 05/03/2011）.

[12]、 Franz Kafka. The Castle， trans. Anthea Bell. England： Oxford University Press， 2009.

[13]、 加繆.西西弗的神話[M].杜小真譯.北京：生活·讀書·新知三聯書店，1998.