筆者認為,考生在高考語法填空中獲得高分的關鍵要素有兩個:其一,考生要準確地掌握語法基礎知識,例如冠詞、代詞、介詞、形容詞和副詞的比較等級、動詞時態、被動語態、非謂語動詞、各種從句、虛擬語氣、倒裝結構、強調句型、詞類轉換等都是必須要熟練掌握的。其二,考生能在篇章中準確地分析出句子結構,從語法的角度,填入合適的詞,使上下文連貫,行文流暢。
那么,考生怎樣才能具備這兩種能力呢?我們主要抓了以下幾個環節,取得了很好的成效。
首先,要夯實語法基礎知識。
考生一進入高三,就要著手系統地梳理各項語法知識,充分理解并扎扎實實地掌握這些語法知識。只有這樣,解題時才會胸有成竹,有的放矢。
我們在平時的學習和練習中,有意識地記錄一些結構相似的語法易錯題,有助于提高我們辨別易混知識點的能力,提高解題的準確率。如:
1. Is this school you visited the other day?(the one)
Is this school you visited your uncle the other day? (where)
Is this the school you visited the other day? (which/that)
2. It is a store sells science books.(which/that)
It is the very store sells science books. (that)
It is the store science books are sold. (where)
It is in the store science books are sold. (that)
3. I have some doubt he will succeed. (whether)
I have no doubt he will succeed. (that)
要做好語法填空題,就必須仔細研究各項語法細節,打下堅實的基本功。
其次,掌握常用詞語的習慣搭配。
我們不但要掌握常用的重點詞語的詞性和意義,還必須熟練掌握他們的用法特點,特別是習慣搭配,這對我們快速準確地解答某些語法填空題非常管用。如:
Medical scientists have expressed _________ concern about the effect of smoking ______ the health not only of those who are smoking but also of those who live in the air _______ (pollute) by tobacco smoke. And studies show that non-smokers suffer more than the smoker themselves.
第一空應填their, 因為用語言或行動表達感情、意見等時,express后習慣上用形容詞性物主代詞,如express one’s thanks (表示謝意),express one’s love (表示愛),express one’s concern (表達關切)等。
第二空應填介詞on,因為這是習慣搭配,在表示“效果、后果、影響”的名詞effect后要用介詞on,表示對某人或某事物的影響。
第三空應填非謂語動詞polluted,因為句中已有謂語動詞live,所以pollute 應是非謂語動詞,修飾名詞air;又基于air與pollute之間在邏輯上是被動關系,且有by的提示,故答案該用過去分詞polluted,過去分詞短語polluted by tobacco smoke作定語,修飾air。
由此觀之,準確地分析句子結構和牢固地掌握常用詞的習慣搭配是獲取語法填空高分的有效途徑。
第三,提高在語篇中運用語法知識的能力。
在掌握了相應的語法知識和詞匯知識之后,我們還要學會在篇章結構中正確理解句與句之間、段與段之間的邏輯關系。如:
The plans for building the underground met with several problems and delays, 1 the first track was finally opened in January. 2 , the smoke from the engine soon filled the air in the tunnels with ash and soot, as well as chemical gases, damaging the passengers’ health. 3 ,fans were used to keep the air clean enough for people to breathe.
在這段文字中作者敘述了建設地鐵所遇到的困難和延期,后面又說最終還是開通了,可以判斷是轉折關系,第1題應填but。
再看下去,作者又指出地鐵是完工了,隧道里的空氣因為發動機排出的煙灰而質量太差,所以這兩句話之間仍然是轉折關系,因第2題空格前后都有標點,故填However。
因此,得出的結論是需要使用電扇來凈化隧道里的空氣。這樣第3個空就應該是therefore。
我們對句子之間的邏輯關系理解好了,對文章的整體結構就有了很清晰的脈絡。
最后,抓住課堂上的閱讀課。
廣泛的閱讀是我們攝入語言知識的最好途徑,它可以讓我們浸泡在英語語言的環境之中,去感受語言的魅力。在閱讀中有意識地做到以下幾點:
1. 鍛煉理解上下文的邏輯關系的能力;
2. 積累有用詞組和比較好的句型結構;
3. 養成用英語解釋某些詞語和句型的習慣。
如,文章原句是:People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air.
我們可以改寫為:
(1)People who like traveling often have to decide on what transportation will be better for them.
(2)People interested in traveling will often be confronted with the choice of the means of transportation.
(3)As far as travelers are concerned, choices of how they would like to travel will frequently face them.
(4)People traveling to faraway places will frequently be faced with the choices of the means of transportation: by land, sea or air.
在篇章中運用語法知識的能力培養不是一朝一夕的事,而提高則更是一個漫長的逐步積累的過程,從基礎語法知識的學習到辨析復雜的句子結構,都需要下苦功。
(作者單位:深圳市高級中學)
責任編校 蔣小青