摘 要: 英語中有多種多樣的短語可以放在名詞后面作定語,這樣可以增加被修飾的名詞的信息量,限制該名詞的語義范疇,使該名詞的所指更具體化。但是,很多人對作名詞后置定語的短語與定語從句易混淆。本文詳細解讀了二者的句式、意義的不同及相互轉化關系。
關鍵詞: 名詞后置定語 定語從句 關系
英語中有多種多樣的短語可以放在名詞后面作定語,這樣可以增加被修飾的名詞的信息量,限制該名詞的語義范疇,使該名詞的所指更具體化。
例如:
(1)The books on the shelf are mine.書架上的書是我的。(介詞短語)
(2)She is the woman responsible for the improvement.她是那位負責改進工作的女士。(形容詞短語)
(3)The last man to leave the sinking ship was the captain.最后一位離開沉船的人是船長。(動詞不定式短語)
(4)I come from a city located in the soutern part of the country.我來自我們國家南方的一個城市。(過去分詞短語)
(5)We have an apartment overlooking the park.我們擁有一套俯瞰公園的公寓。(現在分詞短語)
從表層結構上看,作名詞后置定語修飾的短語與定語從句不同,一個是短語,另一個是從句。事實上,從深層次結構來看,任何作后置定語修飾的短語都可以看成是一個省略的定語從句。因此,上面的五個作名詞后置修飾的短語的例句都可以用定語從句表示為:
(1)The books that are on the shelf are mine.
(2)She is the woman who is responsible for the improvement.
(3)The last man who left the sinking ship was the captain.
(4)I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country.
(5)We have an apartment which overlooks the park.
把作名詞后置定語的短語看成是省略的定語從句,是因為所有關系代詞作主語的定語從句都可以省略用短語來表示,其省略過程按照以下要求:
1.定語從句中,關系代詞作主語,謂語動詞為“be”或含有“be”時,可以省略關系代詞“be”動詞,用短語表示:
a)The boy who is talking to John is from Korea.
a)The boy talking to John is from Korea.
正在同約翰講話的男孩是朝鮮人。
b)The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
b)The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
那本書中提出的看法很有趣。
c)People who are present at the meeting are university students.
c)People present at the meeting are university students.
出席會議的是大學生。
2.當定語從句中關系代詞作主語,謂語動詞沒有“be”動詞時,可以省略關系代詞,并把從句謂語動詞改成現在分詞或動詞不定式:
a)English has an alphabet which consists of 26 letters.
a)English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
英文字母表中有26個字母。
b)Anyone who wants to pass the test should study hard.
b)Anyone wanting to pass the test should study hard.
想考試及格的人必須努力學習。
c)Amelia Earhart was the first womam who flew solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
c)Amelia Earhart was the first womam to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
阿米莉亞·厄赫特是第一個獨飛大西洋的女性。
3.在非限定性定語從句中,省略要求與限定性定語從句一樣。
d)Geoge Washing