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果樹中花青苷合成研究進展

2013-12-31 00:00:00王會良何華平
湖北農業科學 2013年20期

摘要:對果樹中花青苷合成方面的相關研究進展進行了綜述。分別從結構基因和調節基因兩個方面對花青苷合成的分子機理進行了總結和分析,同時探討了環境因子對花青苷積累的影響,對花青苷合成機理中的疑點及研究前景進行了展望。

關鍵詞:花青苷;合成;基因;機理;果樹

中圖分類號:S66;Q946.83 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2013)20-4857-05

Advances on the Research of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Fruit Trees

WANG Hui-liang,HE Hua-ping,GONG Lin-zhong,WANG Fu-rong,LIU Yong,ZHU Xiao-min

(Institute of Fruit and Tea,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fruit and Tea Subcenter of Hubei Innovation Center of Agricultural Science and Technology,Wuhan 430209, China)

Abstract: In this paper, the advance on the research of anthocyanin synthesis in fruit trees is reviewed. The molecular mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis is summarized and analyzed from both structural gene and regulatory gene. Influences of environmental factors on anthocyanin accumulation are discussed. Doublts of mechanisms of anthyocyanin synthesis and prospects of research is proposed.

Key words: anthocyanin; synthesis; gene; mechanism; fruit trees

果實顏色是果實的重要經濟性狀。花青苷是類黃酮合成途徑的合成產物之一,是多種花和果實中紅色、紫色、藍色等顏色的呈色物質。花青苷在植物中扮演重要的角色,如吸引傳粉、種子傳播、減少UV光損傷、抗病原體的侵染等[1,2]。此外,花青苷還具有抗氧化活性,并且對人體健康具有潛在好處,如可預防癌癥、炎癥、冠狀動脈硬化等疾病[3-6]。

近年來,花青苷合成機理研究成為當前研究的熱點,在這方面研究的科研成果,對于加深人們對花青苷合成機理的認識,加快培育富含花青苷的優良果樹新品種具有重要意義。在果樹方面,花青苷的很多結構基因及各種調節基因已經被克隆并進行了詳細的分析驗證,其中,對蘋果和葡萄的相關研究較為深入。研究表明,部分調節基因的表達受環境因子的影響,如光照、溫度、營養狀況等[7-13],因此,環境因子也可影響花青苷的合成。為此,本文對近幾年來有關果實花青苷積累的調控機理研究進行了綜述。

1 花青苷形成的分子機理

1.1 花青苷生物合成途徑

花青苷合成(圖1)起始于苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)催化的苯丙氨酸到肉桂酸的反應,PAL是苯丙烷類代謝途徑中的第一個酶。而后在肉桂酸羥化酶(C4H)和對香豆酰CoA連接酶(4CL)的催化下形成香豆素-CoA,1分子香豆素-CoA與來自乙酸的3分子丙二酰-CoA在查爾酮合成酶(CHS)的催化下形成黃色的4-羥基查爾酮,查爾酮異構酶(CHI)催化4-羥基查爾酮形成無色的柚苷配基,即4,5,7-3羥基黃烷酮。這是第一個穩定的類黃酮化合物,它經不同酶的修飾可形成不同的類黃酮化合物。這些修飾作用包括羥基化、甲基化、酰基化、糖基化及還原作用,在各種植物中能形成3 500種以上不同類黃酮衍生物。其中,形成花青苷的途徑是柚苷配基在黃烷酮-3-羥化酶(F3H)的作用下轉化為二氫黃酮醇(DHK),DHK在類烷酮-3′-羥化酶(F3′H)的作用下形成二氫櫟皮酮(DHQ),DHQ經二氫黃酮醇-4-還原酶(DFR)還原成無色花青素,再經花青素合成酶(ANS) 合成顯色的花青素。最后在葡萄糖基轉移酶(UFGT)的作用下生成各種花青苷[14-21]。

1.2 結構基因與花青苷的合成

起初,關于花青苷合成機理的研究,主要集中在代謝途徑上相關結構基因的研究。前人研究表明,擬南芥、蘋果、荔枝、葡萄等植物中的PAL、CHI、DFR、UFGT等花青苷合成相關酶與花青苷的合成關系密切,但對不同酶在花青苷合成中的作用大小,研究結果卻不盡一致[22-24]。

Honda等[25]分離了CHS、F3H、DFR、ANS、UFGT等5個花青苷合成的結構基因,首次報道了花青苷合成酶基因間協調表達與蘋果著色的關系,在果實成熟階段,紅色品種紅玉和富士中的表達量遠遠高于在黃色品種王林中的表達量,花青苷合成相關基因的表達水平與花青素濃度呈正相關。Kim等[26]從cDNA文庫中分離了F3H、DFR、ANS、UFGT的cDNA序列,推導的氨基酸序列與其他植物基因序列具有高度的同源性。Takos等[27]克隆了3個與縮合單寧(CT)合成相關的酶基因和2個無色花青素還原酶基因(MdLAR1、MdLAR2),發現在果實成熟過程中,當其他路徑基因高水平轉錄、花青苷大量積累的時候,CT的豐度卻很少。此外,利用已知的結構基因序列合成引物,從葡萄、蘋果、草莓、藍莓中克隆了CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS、UFGT等結構基因[19,28,29]。

許多研究表明[23,30,31],果樹中花青苷合成途徑與玉米、矮牽牛、擬南芥、金魚草中的合成途徑基本相同,結構基因同源性很高。Kondo等[32]研究指出,在蘋果果實發育過程中,CHS、F3H、DFR、ANS、UFGT 5個基因協同表達,這些基因的表達水平與花青苷積累呈正相關。不同果實中甚至是果實的不同發育階段、果實的不同組織部位,這些酶的功能也可能不盡相同[33]。

1.3 調節基因與花青苷的合成

與其他物種一樣,果樹中花青苷結構基因的表達受一個由MYB轉錄因子(TF)、基本螺旋-環-螺旋TF(bHLH)、WD重復蛋白組成的復合物(MBW)的調控,對蘋果和葡萄中關于轉錄因子調控花青苷合成的研究較為深入,很多轉錄因子已經被分離驗證(圖1)。

在蘋果上,成功分離得到3個MYB基因MdMYB1、MdMYBA、MdMYB10,經驗證表明這3個基因都屬于R2R3類基因,并且調控花青苷的積累[23,30]。Wang等[34]認為這3個基因互為等位基因。該基因的甲基化程度差異決定了蘋果果皮的不同著色模式[35]。蘋果果實紅肉性狀與MdMYB10啟動子區的一個增強子原件有關,并且此基因具有自我調節功能[36]。蘋果果皮紅色受MdMYB1 和MdMYBA的調控[23,37]。前人研究表明,MYB類需借助于bHLH伴侶蛋白來促進花青苷的積累。在蘋果上,克隆得到2個類似bHLH共轉錄因子(MdbHLH3和MdbHLH33),這2個因子參與激活結構基因及MYB10的表達,并且MYB10與MdbHLH3的結合比與MdbHLH33的結合更能有效地促進結構基因的轉錄[30]。

在葡萄上,VvMYBA1和VvMYBA2特異調控UFGT基因的表達,從而調節果實著色。果皮著色深淺與VvMYBA1和VvMYBA2之間的加性效應有關[38-40],兩基因同時失活會導致果皮因無法合成花青苷而呈白色[41]。其他有些MYB因子(如VvMYB5a和VvMYB5b)參與了苯丙氨酸反應途徑的支路反應,這也包括花青苷生成途徑。轉化VvMYB5a基因的煙草,其單寧含量增加[42]。Deluc等[43]研究表明VvMYB5b基因參與調控花青苷和原花青苷的合成。葡萄上已經分離得到了2個bHLH蛋白(VvMYCA1、VvMYC1)和2個WD蛋白(VvWDR1、VvWDR2)。VvMYCA1和VvWDR1對花青苷的合成都具有正調控作用,VvWDR1并不直接作用于結構基因,而可能是通過與MYB/bHLH結合成復合體的方式起作用,VvMYCA1則可能是調控UFGT和ANR的表達。其他果實上也對MYB類因子進行了研究,如梨[44]、楊梅[45]、草莓[46]等。研究表明,部分MYB類基因對花青苷的合成具有負調控作用,Wang等[47]的研究表明,蘋果中MdMYB17基因的表達減少了花青苷的積累。

2 外在因素對花青苷合成的影響

光照是影響花青苷合成最重要的環境因子之一[48,49]。完全不照光的果實中,沒有花青苷的合成,光照強度低于全光照的50%時,隨著光照強度的增強,花青苷濃度增加[50]。不同著色強度品種花青苷合成對光強的需求量不同,深紅色品種著色比淺紅色品種容易,在較低的光強下也能較好著色[33]。光照影響花青苷合成在基因轉錄水平上起作用,但光影響結構基因還是調控基因尚未研究清楚[51]。柳蘊芬等[52]研究表明,套袋明顯抑制了桃果肉紅色的形成,套袋果實成熟時a*值為10.32,僅為不套袋果的19.4%;但如果套袋果實在采收前15 d摘袋,則見光后的果實果肉花青苷合成能力迅速恢復,采收時花青苷含量達到248.85 nmol/g。杜紀紅等[53]的研究則表明,油桃果實套袋遮光處理后20 d,果皮中花青苷含量迅速下降并接近于0,此后一直保持較低的水平,直到果實成熟時略有回升,其含量僅為對照的2%。Zhou等[54]的研究表明,經黑暗處理后,紅色桃葉片中花青苷合成途徑上結構基因的表達出現了下降趨勢。

光質對花青苷的合成有著重要作用。紅光(R)照射離體套袋紅富士蘋果果實不著色,紫外光UVA(>320 nm)灼傷果實果皮而變褐色;UVB(280~320 nm)及其組合光源刺激果實PAL酶活性增加,促進糖含量增長,并使果實花青苷大量積累,促進紅富士蘋果著紅色。白光對紅富士蘋果果實PAL酶活性、花青苷及糖分含量的增加也有一定促進作用,但不如UVB及其組合光源照射效果好[55]。

溫度在很大程度上影響了花青苷的合成,并一定程度上影響花青苷的穩定性。溫度對花青苷合成的影響比較復雜,相對低溫促進花青苷的合成,但也并不完全如此。溫度對于葡萄[56]、矮牽牛[57]、血橙[8]、玫瑰[58]等植物中營養器官內花青苷的積累具有重要作用。在蘋果、梨上,低溫處理增加了果實中的花青苷含量,并促進了結構基因的表達[9,59,60]。高溫處理的紅葉桃葉片,花青苷生物合成基因的表達受到抑制[54]。Cripps pink蘋果采后用高壓鈉燈照射,6 ℃較20 ℃處理花青苷積累多,而嘎拉和皇家嘎拉蘋果在紫外光-B(280~320 nm)照射下,20 ℃較10 ℃花青苷積累多[61]。Aki Queen李果實在著色開始的1~3周內,果皮內花青苷合成對溫度敏感[62],在此前后,高溫對果實著色均沒有太大的影響。

3 小結

發展富含花青苷的功能食品越來越為大家所關注。基于此,分離得到調控花青苷積累的轉錄因子,并深入揭示花青苷合成的調控網絡迫在眉睫。近年來,果樹中花青苷研究進展迅速,蘋果、葡萄等的花青苷合成途徑已較為清楚,光照、溫度等外界因素對花青苷合成的影響也有了進一步的研究,有些問題已較為清晰。但是,果樹中分離得到的轉錄因子還十分有限,并且它們與光照、溫度等外界因子的交互作用還有待進一步研究。通過深入研究外界環境因子與花青苷積累的相互作用關系,可以給人們提供很好的人工調控果實著色的新思路、新方法。通過研究控制花青苷合成的突變基因,有望開發出可用于分子標記輔助育種的分子標記技術,這對于加快紅肉果實的果樹育種具有重要意義。

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