在教學實踐中,尤其在批改作文中筆者發現,有的學生對as與which引導非限制性定語從句的用法模棱兩可,含混不清。下面從兩者的用法區別展開說明,以便正確地使用。
1. 從指代的異同來說,as指代整個句子;which指代整個句子或者主句中的某個成分。如:
She is not unconscious,as can be judged from her eyes.她并未失去知覺,這從她的眼睛里可以看出。(as指代整個句子)
Mother always asked him to study hard,which helped him a lot. 他媽媽總是讓他刻苦學習,這一點對他幫助很大。(which指代整個句子)
The house, which was built fifty years ago, stood still in the earthquake. 這所建造于50多年前的房子,在地震中依然聳立著。(which指代具體的先行詞)
2. 就主句與從句的位置關系來說,as引導的從句可放在主句的前面或者主句的后面;which引導的從句只能放在主句的后面。如:
As everybody knows, knowledge is power. 眾所周知,知識就是力量。
Knowledge is power, as everybody knows.眾所周知,知識就是力量。
Knowledge is power, which is accepted widely all over the world.知識就是力量,這一點世界公認。
3. 從意義上來說,as意為“正如,像,由……而知”; which意為“這就使得,這一點”。如:
He is a great hero, as is described in the report.正如在報道中描述的一樣,他是一個偉大的英雄。
Her role in the performance was spoken highly of, which made her proud.她在表演中的角色受到高度表揚,這使她很欣慰。
4. 從句式上來說,as只能用于肯定句(意料之中的);which可用于肯定句或者否定句(出乎意外的)。如:
He failed the exam this time,as/which we had expected. 他這次考試沒及格,正如我們所預料的/這一點我們已經預料到了。
He failed the exam this time,which we hadn’t expected. 他這次考試沒及格,這一點我們沒想到。
5.從是否可以省略be動詞來說,as從句be動詞可以省略;which從句be動詞不可以省略。如:
As (was) planned, we met at the school gate.按照計劃,我們在校門口相見。
Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.簡告訴我說她贏了這場比賽,這是個謊言。
6. 從關系代詞前是否有介詞來說, as前不能有介詞;which前可以有介詞。如:
We lost many chances,to which we paid little attention.我們失去了很多機會,這些機會我們基本沒有留意到。
I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.我買了很多書,這些書花光了我所有的積蓄。
The book is very interesting,as most readers say.正如大多數讀者所說的那樣,這本書很有趣。
There was a bookstore around here, as I remember.我記得過去這兒附近有一家網吧。
注意:在圖表或者看圖作文中,經常用as引導的定語從句。下面總結了一些常用結構,以饗讀者。
As can be seen from the picture, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.正如我們從圖上所看到的那樣,大洋占了地球的70%還多。
As the above pictures show, students in my class have different dreams for their future.如上圖所示,我們班同學對自己的未來有著不同的夢想。
As is known to us all, the whole world is facing a severe water shortage because of the growing population and our waste of water.眾所周知,由于人口的不斷增長和人類的浪費,全世界正面臨嚴重的水資源缺乏問題。
As may be imagined, what matters is not that we are growing older but our attitude towards life.可以想象得出,起作用的不是我們慢慢變老,而是我們對生活的態度。
As has been pointed out, it is high time for us all to take quick action to protect water resources.正如所指出的這樣,現在正是我們采取行動保護水資源的時候了。
As has been pointed out, only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings.正如所指出的這樣,只有用這種方法,我們才能生活在一個舒適和美麗的環境中。
以上是通過例句的形式,分析了as與which引導非限制性定語從句的區別。在平時的學習中留意收集由這兩個詞引導的非限制性定語從句,總結歸納,發現規律,靈活掌握其用法。
(作者單位:肇慶中學)
責任編校 蔣小青