用“3W+H”模式寫好短文概要

縱觀廣東這幾年的讀寫任務的閱讀材料，主要以記敘文、說明文、應用文和議論文為主，不管是2013年的議論文、2011年和2010年以及2012年的記敘文、還是2009年的說明文或是2007年和2008的年應用文（2008年的發言稿、2007年書信）。只要考生抓住一些主要的要素“3W+H”即：Who？What he did？Why？How it ended？來進行概要寫作，就可以做到不遺漏要點。

下面以2013年高考題為例說明如何用“3W+H”寫概要：

To many people even the word “work” sounds unpleasant， not necessarily because they are lazy. The same man， who dislikes his job in the factory or even in the office， may work hard at the weekend， painting the house or digging the garden.

What is the reason， then？In most cases， it is because these people simply do not enjoy the Job they are doing. It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may be quite easy， like making up wooden boxes， but it is very boring. Very often they are doing a job which is just a small part of a much larger one， such as attaching a door handle to a car. But the part they play in actually making the car is so small that they can never say： I have made something！

Yet in modern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs such as cleaning streets because this is the way society is organized. No matter how ordinary a job is， it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect. Society cannot function a single day without the “dull and boring” jobs.

分析：該材料是一篇說明文，主要包含以下3個要點，分別是每一段的段意：

（1）Many people find their work unpleasant. （現象）

（2）They can’t get real satisfaction from the jobs they are doing because they are boring and ordinary. （原因）

（3）We should respect ordinary workers. （作者看法）

寫概要時，只要回答Who？ What he did？ How it ended？ Why？ 這四個問題，再把答案整合起來基本就可以了。因此，可以整理成：

（Who） Many people （What） find their work unpleasant and can’t get real satisfaction from their boring and ordinary jobs. However， （How） we should respect ordinary workers（Why） because every ordinary job plays a part in society. （32 words）

一、即時訓練

請用“3W+H”模式寫出近年高考讀寫任務短文的概要。

1. 2012年高考題

My husband received a letter a month ago from a young woman who had been his student when she was in middle school. She wrote thanking him for having a great influence in her life.

In the letter she wrote， “You were the teacher who helped me discover my talent for math. Before you came to teach us， I had been terribly poor at math， and had never thought that I would be interested in it. To my surprise， you magically showed me the beauty of math. I guess that was the turning point of my attitude towards it. Gradually my interest in it began to grow. Thanks to your encouragement， I made continuous progress in math， and finally made up my mind to study it in the university. Today I am working as an accountant at Valley Medical Center in California. You played an important part. Thank you！”

What a wonderful gift to a retired teacher！ My husband has received many letters from students over the years. This one was special， for it arrived at this time in his life when he is in very poor health.

提示：回答以下4個問題，再整合信息。

1. Who？ ________________________________

2. What he did？ What was it about？_________

____________________

3. Why？ _______________________

4. How it ended？ ______________________

整理成段：_______________________________

2. 2011年高考題

When Sam first got to his boarding school with his parents， he was very happy. He thought he would be able to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not， he started crying because the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy.

He was given uniforms and all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when it was time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm， where he saw other children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not because his mind was at home. He started feeling homesick （想家） and wanted to go home as soon as possible.

He got sick soon because he could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom. All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone or other means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. He thought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boarding school.

3. 20010年高考題

In junior high school， one of my classmates， Eithan， was addicted to TV. This boy simply knew everything about such pop shows as Who’s the Boss？

Then one day Ethan’s mother made him an offer in order to draw him back to his school subjects. She promised that she would give him ￥200 if he could go a full month without watching any TV. None of us thought Ethan could do it， but he did quit TV. His mom paid him ￥200. He went out and bought a TV， the biggest he could find.

In recent years， hundreds of schools have carried out experiments with paying kids with cash for showing up or getting good grades. All school kids admire this trend. But it upsets adults. Teachers say that we are rewarding kids for doing what they should be doing of their own will. Psychologists warn that money can actually make kids perform worse by making the act of learning cheap. The debate has become a typical battle over why our kids are not learning at the rate they should be despite decades of reforms and budget increases.

4. 2009年高考題

Jackie is perhaps the most easily annoyed koala（考拉，樹袋熊）at the Featherdale Wildlife Park in southern Australia. All the koalas there are unhappy and complaining. You would be too if you were used to night activities and someone kept waking you up all day while you were trying to sleep it off. That’s right—sleep it off. The average koala is always half asleep because it feeds on the leaves of a special kind that makes it sleepy.

The reason Jackie and her fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is so they can be hugged and photographed by tourists， who make the trips to Featherdale and an increasing number of other national parks for just that special experience. Whatever department in the Aussie government in charge of such things is now moving to make the practice illegal， which is understandable. How would you react， my friend， if you were trying to sleep off a dozen times and some round， furry creature smelling of grass kept waking you？

5. 2008年高考題

Hi， I am Mike. I just went through my first year of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.I went to a very small high school where my mom was a teacher and she did practically everything for me. But at the college I needed to know some basic life skills. such as balancing a check—book， laundry， and the things you have to be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school！ It was really tough for me at first and I got badly homesick.

Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life， I loved it—good facilities， helpful instructors， and a good library. The Students’ Union organizes various parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts， and often spend Saturday nights in pubs and clubs.

One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance team in college and met a ton of people that way... it was so much easier to make friends when you had a common ground.

參考范文

2012年高考題

（Who）The author’s husband （What） received a letter from a student， （Why） in which the student expressed her thanks to the teacher for encouraging her to study math. （How）The author was touched by the letter. （32 words）

2011年高考題

（Why）Having been sent to a boarding school， （Who）Sam （What） failed to fit in the school life and felt homesick and lonely， （Why） which influenced him a lot. （How） He was even angry with his parents. （30 words）。

2010年高考題

（Who） Ethan’s mother （What） used money to encourage Ethan to quit TV， but failed. （Why）School kids are satisfied with money reward while （How） teachers and psychologists worry about its bad effect.（28words）

2009年高考題

（Who）Koalas in wildlife parks （What） can’t fall asleep （suffer from a lack of sleep） （Why） because tourists keep disturbing them by hugging and photographing them. （How） The government is trying to make the tourists’ behaviour illegal.（27words/ 31 words）

2008年高考題

（Who） Mike thought it was tough to accomplish the general adjustment but he（What） began to enjoy himself after that due to various activities. （How） He advised freshmen to be active in order to make new friends. （33 words）

特別提示：概要寫作只是對閱讀材料內容的概括，只需包含閱讀材料的內容，不要增加個人觀點，如：不要出現“ We should.../ I should...”（個人觀點）。如果作者在文中有經驗教訓或從中得出的感悟，那也是作者的觀點，而不應該是你的觀點，應表達為：The author learned /realized/thought that...。另外，概要的人稱最好以第三人稱（單數：the author/the writer/...，復數：people/students/parents...）來寫，即使原文中是第一人稱。

（作者單位：河源市東源中學）

責任編校 蔣小青