劉其雨,夏紅天,劉志偉,蔡守旺,張文智
1昆明市第一人民醫院 肝膽外科,云南昆明 650031;2解放軍總醫院 肝膽外科,北京 100853
自身免疫性胰腺炎43例診治分析
劉其雨1,夏紅天2,劉志偉2,蔡守旺2,張文智2
1昆明市第一人民醫院 肝膽外科,云南昆明 650031;2解放軍總醫院 肝膽外科,北京 100853
目的總結我院自身免疫性胰腺炎的臨床特點并進一步探討其診治經驗。方法回顧性分析我院2011年1月- 2014年6月收治的43例自身免疫性胰腺炎患者的臨床資料。結果43例中,男女比例4.4∶1,年齡平均(57.4±12.0)歲。首發癥狀為黃疸25例(58.1%),腹部不適16例(37.2%),納差2例(4.7%),就診時體質量明顯減輕22例(51.2%)。白蛋白/球蛋白比值<1.5的有38例(88.4%),血清淀粉酶增高5例(11.6%),CA19-9>100 U/ml 7例(16.3%),γ-球蛋白陽性率93.3%(14/15),IgG4陽性90.7%(39/43)。CT/MRI提示胰腺彌漫性腫大28例(65.1%),局限性腫大15例(34.9%)。PET/CT正確診斷率為58.3%(7/12)。行手術治療5例(11.6%),激素治療緩解率100%(43/43),6例過早停藥復發。結論結合臨床癥狀、血液學及影像學檢查可提高自身免疫性胰腺炎的正確診斷率,必要時可行針刺細胞學檢查或激素診斷性治療,標準的激素治療仍然是自身免疫性胰腺炎的首選。
自身免疫性胰腺炎;黃疸;免疫球蛋白;激素治療
自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis,AIP)是種罕見病,由日本學者Yoshida等[1]于1995年正式命名,是一類由自身免疫介導,以淋巴細胞、漿細胞浸潤為主且胰腺纖維化、腫大、胰管不規則狹窄為特點的慢性胰腺炎。臨床表現多樣化,多數患者以梗阻性黃疸就診,因其很難與胰腺癌、膽管癌及原發性硬化性膽管炎鑒別,最近越來越受到重視,并被大家所認識[2]。本文通過回顧性分析解放軍總醫院收治的43例AIP患者的臨床資料,旨在提高對該疾病的認識,規范AIP的診斷與治療。
1 資料 解放軍總醫院2011年1月- 2014年6月收治的43例AIP患者。
2 診斷標準 參照美國Mayo醫學中心2006年推出的HISORt標準(組織學、影像學、血清學、其他器官受累情況、對激素治療的反應)、日本和韓國2008年共同制定的亞洲標準和國際胰腺病協會2010年制定的國際標準。診斷標準主要包括以下5個方面:1)影像學:胰腺彌散性/局限性/局灶性增大,有時伴有包塊和(或)低密度邊緣;彌散性/局限性/局灶性胰管不規則狹窄,常伴有膽管狹窄。2)血清學:血清IgG或IgG4升高;其他自身抗體陽性。3)胰腺外器官受累:肝門部或肝內膽管狹窄、淚腺或涎腺受累、肺門淋巴結腫大、腹膜后纖維化等。4)組織病理學:病理所見為淋巴漿細胞硬化性胰腺炎,免疫組化顯示IgG4陽性細胞>10個/高倍視野;胰腺導管周圍有大量中性粒細胞浸潤并導致導管上皮損害。5)激素療效:激素治療后胰腺和(或)胰腺外表現迅速消退或明顯改善。
3 研究方法 收集上述43例患者的臨床資料,包括性別、年齡、癥狀、膽紅素、白蛋白、球蛋白、淀粉酶、CA19-9、IgG亞型測定、自身抗體測定、影像學特點以及治療方案等。
1 一般資料 43例中,男性35例(81.4%),女性8例(18.6%),男女比例4.4∶1,年齡(57.4±12.0)歲,首發癥狀為黃疸25例(58.1%)、腹部不適16例(37.2%)、納差2例(4.7%),就診時體質量明顯減輕22例(51.2%)。
2 血液學檢測 合并白蛋白/球蛋白比值<1.5的有38例(88.4%),血清淀粉酶增高5例(11.6%),CA19-9>100 U/ml 7例(16.3%),γ-球蛋白陽性率93.3%(14/15),IgG4陽性率90.7%(39/43),自身抗體中抗核抗體陽性率18.2%(4/22)。
3 影像學檢查 CT/MRI提示胰腺彌漫性腫大28例(65.1%),局限性腫大15例(34.9%),PET/CT正確診斷率為58.3%(7/12)。彌漫性AIP的CT典型表現為胰腺彌漫性腫大成“臘腸樣”,胰腺實質密度降低,動態增強掃描可見均勻、延遲強化;部分患者胰周出現界限清晰、平整的低密度包膜樣邊緣,是AIP的特征性表現(圖1)。局灶性AIP的典型表現為低密度腫塊,動態增強后腫塊可見延遲、均質強化。MRI T1加權顯示胰腺彌漫性增大或局灶性腫塊,呈略低信號,T2加權呈稍高信號(圖2),可見胰周低信號包膜樣邊緣;動態增強掃描動脈期無強化或輕度強化,門脈期或延遲期出現強化;典型磁共振胰膽管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)表現為主胰管較長、多發的不規則狹窄,可伴有膽管狹窄,呈硬化性膽管炎表現。
4 治療 術前誤診為胰腺癌行手術治療5例(11.6%),其中3例胰十二指腸切除術,術后病檢證實為AIP;2例術中行穿刺細胞學檢查證實后行膽腸吻合術。43例診斷明確后均使用激素治療,10 ~ 60 mg/d,病情緩解率100%(43/43),6例由于過早停藥復發,經重新激素治療后緩解。

圖 1 AIP胰腺CT動脈期表現圖 2 AIP 胰腺MRI T2加權像表現Fig.1 CT feature of arterial phase in AIPFig.2 MRI feature of T2WI in AIP
近年AIP的發病率有逐年升高趨勢[3-5]。AIP主要分為兩類,1型與IgG4高表達有關,2型與粒細胞上皮損害有關。具體病因以及普通人群的流行病學情況仍不甚清楚[6-8]。我國主要為1型,多發生在中老年男性。1型AIP具有較高的復發率,6個月~ 1年復發率為30% ~ 50%[9]。日本AIP主要以梗阻性黃疸(33% ~ 59%)、腹痛(32%)就診,就診時出現體質量減輕的僅有15%[10]。而我們的研究發現患者就診時體質量減輕高達51.2%,說明我國患者診斷清楚時多已病程較長,早期出現腹脹、背痛、納差、乏力等不典型癥狀時很難被發現,因胰外臟器損傷就診時更難被診斷,這與我國人群認識不足有一定關系。有學者將既往慢性胰腺炎的標本重新進行免疫組化,發現很多實為AIP;作為臨床醫生,與胰腺癌鑒別并能正確做出診斷是最重要也是最具挑戰性的[11-12]。目前AIP的診斷標準主要有HISORt標準、亞洲標準和國際標準,但每個標準均有其局限性[13-16]。實際操作過程中3種診斷標準應相互補充、為臨床所用,而不是僅利用其中某一標準。
我們發現本組病例中合并白蛋白/球蛋白比值<1.5的有38例,胰腺其他疾病并無此現象,提示白/球倒置可能是免疫性疾病的一個危險信號,因此檢測白蛋白/球蛋白比值有助于診斷AIP。此外,AIP鮮有淀粉酶增高或CA19-9>100 U/ml。本組僅有11.6%的患者血清淀粉酶增高,16.3%的患者血CA19-9>100 U/ml,這有助于與急性胰腺炎、胰腺癌鑒別。AIP的特征性血液學檢驗是IgG4、γ-球蛋白以及自身抗體,本組病例IgG4、γ-球蛋白的陽性率均>90%。有學者認為單獨檢測CA19-9或IgG4都不十分準確,CA19-9<74 U/ml和IgG44>1.0 g/L有助于鑒別胰腺癌,聯合檢測CA19-9和IgG4具有更高的特異性和敏感性[17]。但目前在我國,依然有很多單位不提供IgG4等項目的檢測,且PET/CT的費用較昂貴。該疾病尤其是局限性腫大的AIP主要需與胰腺癌鑒別,CA19-9正常或增高不明顯的且合并白蛋白/球蛋白比倒置,CT/MRI見胰腺腫大而無胰腺密度明顯降低者高度懷疑AIP,再應用IgG4及自身抗體等檢驗進一步明確[18-20]。ERCP脫落細胞學檢查或經皮穿刺活檢具有較高的特異性,但陽性率較低且有創傷,臨床上很難普及,必要時可以使用短時間的激素診斷性治療[21]。
早期干預可以有效保護受累器官的功能,發病2年的時間窗口尤為重要,因為AIP即便沒有癥狀,仍然會消弱胰腺的內分泌功能,AIP的反復發作可以演變成慢性胰腺炎、胰腺萎縮、胰管結石等[22]。至于AIP是否會惡變仍未定論。最近Hart等[23]通過前瞻性研究發現,AIP并未增加癌變的風險。雖然有些AIP具有自限的特點,但激素仍是其標準治療方案。使用激素治療的適應證主要包括梗阻性黃疸、腹痛、背痛以及出現胰外臟器的癥狀。激素治療之前可以進行膽汁引流治療梗阻性黃疸,糖尿病患者需要控制好血糖。關于激素的用量尚有爭議[14,24]。日本指南推薦口服潑尼松劑量從0.6 mg/(kg·d)開始,維持2 ~ 4周,再根據臨床變化、血液生化檢測、影像學復查每1 ~2周遞減5 mg;到達2.5 ~ 5 mg/d的目標維持劑量至少需要2 ~ 3個月;激素撤離需要依據每個人的具體病情而定,持續3年影像學、血清學檢查改善的患者方可考慮激素撤離。重新使用激素或激素加量可以有效治療AIP的復發,激素抵抗的患者可以使用免疫抑制劑。由于激素的治療,AIP的短期預后尚可;但長期預后尚不清楚,與很多不確定因素有關,比如復發、胰腺內外分泌功能不全以及惡變[24]。
總之,結合臨床癥狀、血液學及影像學檢查可提高AIP的正確診斷率,必要時可行針刺細胞學檢查或激素診斷性治療,標準的激素治療仍然是AIP的首選。
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Diagnosis and management of autoimmune pancreatitis: An analysis of 43 cases
LIU Qi-yu1, XIA Hong-tian2, LIU Zhi-wei2, CAI Shou-wang2, ZHANG Wen-zhi2
1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 1st People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650031, Yunnan Province, China;2Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
XIA Hong-tian. Email: Xiahongtian115@sina.com
ObjectiveTo clarify the clinical characteristics of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and explore the experience of diagnosis and treatment.MethodsClinical data about 43 patients with a diagnosis of AIP in Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 1, 2011 to June 1, 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe ratio of male to female was 4.4:1 with an average age of 57.4±12.0 years old in 43 patients with AIP. Obstructive jaundice was the most frequent initial symptom (58.1%), followed by abdominal discomfort (37.2%) and anorexia (4.7%). More than half of patients were complicated with weight loss (51.2%). The albumin/ globulin ratio of 38 (88.4%) patients’ serum was lower than 1.5, serum amylase increased in 5 cases (11.6%) and serum CA19-9 level above 100 U/ml occurred in 7 patients (16.3%). Serum immunoglobulin G4 levels were elevated in 39 cases (90.7%) and serum gamma globulin levels were elevated in 14 (93.3%) cases. Diffuse swelling of the pancreas was found in 28 patients (65.1%) and segmental swelling of the pancreas in 15 cases (34.9%). The correct rate of diagnosis upon PET/CT was 58.3% (7/12). The incidence of benign disease post-operation for a presumed malignancy was 11.6% (5/43). The remission rate of steroid-treated AIP was 100% and the relapsing rate within 12 months was 14.0% (6/43) without maintenance therapy.ConclusionCombining clinical symptoms, blood test, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) fi ndings together can effectively increase the correct diagnosis rate of AIP. When a diagnosis of AIP is highly suspected, a biopsy is recommended, and a short course of steroid treatment should be considered if the biopsy does not reveal features suspicious for malignancy. The standard treatment for AIP is steroid therapy.
autoimmune pancreatitis; jaundice; immunoglobulin; steroid therapy
R 576
A
2095-5227(2014)12-1214-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.12.010
時間:2014-08-11 09:11
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140811.0911.001.html
2014-06-17
劉其雨,男,博士,主治醫師。研究方向:肝膽外科基礎與臨床。2013年7月- 2014年7月在解放軍總醫院進修。Email: liuqiyu_12@hotmail.com
夏紅天,男,博士,副主任醫師。Email: Xiahongtian115@sina.com