摘要:β-內酰胺類抗生素是臨床使用范圍最為廣泛的抗菌藥物之一。各種β內酰胺類抗生素──青霉類、頭孢菌素是目前臨床上最常用的高效低毒的抗感染藥物 ,但它們在臨床上引發的過敏性休克反應 ,嚴重地威脅著患者的生命安全 ,同時也給廣大醫護人員帶來了很大的精神壓力。因此,采取措施預防控制過敏反應的發生刻不容緩。根據β-內酰胺類抗生素所引起的過敏反應的特性,可以在用藥、研發、生產等不同環節采取措施預防并減少臨床過敏反應的發生。皮試前應準備好必要的急救藥物。皮試期間對患者應密切觀察,如發生休克,應立即肌內或皮下注射0.1%腎上腺素注射液0.5~1 mL(小兒酌減),必要時可數分鐘重復注射一次或進行靜脈、心內注射。并根據需要進行輸液、給氧、滴注腎上腺皮質激素(氫化可的松或氟美松)、應用升壓藥和其他必要的急救措施。
關鍵詞:β-內酰胺類抗生素;過敏;急救
Analysis and Remedy for Beta Lactam Antibiotic Allergy Causes
WANG Yue-fang
(Tengchong County People's Hospital,Tengchong 679100,Yunnan,China)
Abstract:Beta lactam antibiotics antibacterial drug is one of the most widely clinical use. All kinds of beta lactam antibiotics -Penicillium, cephalosporin is currently the most commonly used clinical anti infection drugs, but they caused allergic shock reaction in clinic, a serious threat to life safety of patients, but also bring great pressure for the medical staff. Therefore, to take measures to prevent and control allergic reaction to brook no delay. According to the characteristics of allergic reactions to beta lactam antibiotics caused, can take measures to prevent and reduce the occurrence of clinical allergic reaction in different links of the medication, RD, production etc.. Ready to take the necessary emergency drugs should be before the skin test. The skin test of patients should be closely observed, such as shock, immediately intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of 0.1% Adrealine Injection 0.5~1ml (pediatric reduction), when necessary vein, a few minutes once or repeated injection of intracardiac injection. And transfusion, oxygen, drip of adrenal cortical hormone according to need (hydrocortisone or dexamethasone), application of pressor agent and other necessary emergency measures.
Key words:Beta lactam antibiotics; Allergy; First aid
β-內酰胺類抗生素是由青霉素類,頭孢菌素類及其他β-內酰胺類(碳青霉烯類,單環類及-β內酰胺酶抑制劑等)組成,這類藥物不僅對革蘭氏陽性、陰性細菌有效,而且對需氧和厭氧菌有良好的作用,抗菌活性高,抗菌潽廣,不良反應少,臨床應用比較廣泛。
1過敏原因
青霉素是一種有機弱酸,常用鈉鹽,易溶于水,內酰胺鍵易被酸、堿、重金屬離子及青霉素酶等分解失效,配制成的水溶液不穩定,在室溫下抗菌活動性迅速下降,所以青霉素應該現配現用,青霉素不穩定,可分解成青霉噻唑酸和青霉烯酸,青霉噻唑酸可聚合成青霉噻唑酸聚合物,與多肽或蛋白質結合成青霉噻唑酸蛋白,是一種速發的過敏原,是產生過敏反應的主要原因,青霉烯酸還可和體內半胱氨酸形成遲發性致敏原-青霉烯酸蛋白,與血清病樣反應有關。
2解救措施
為了預防過敏反應的發生,應該:詢問患者有無青霉素過敏史后再做過敏試驗,如有過敏史者不能做過敏試驗,如過敏試驗陽性者禁止使用,青霉素水溶液應現配,配制后立即使用,青霉素過敏試驗為陽性的患者,應寫在病歷本上并告訴患者及家屬,過敏反應為青霉素最常見最嚴重的反應。常見的過敏反應發生率在5%~10%,如果是發生一般的過敏反應,如蕁麻疹,可用抗過敏藥物如:撲爾敏、氯雷他啶等,如果出現嚴重的過敏現象(發生率大約在1/萬左右)往往出現在作皮試或注射10 min左右,患者會出現胸悶、渾身哆嗦至抽搐,頭痛、呼吸困難、面色蒼白、血壓下降等。如搶救不及時,常常會因呼吸循環衰竭而危及生命,此時應立即皮下注射0.1%腎上腺素0.5~1 mL,嚴重者應把腎上腺素稀釋后緩慢靜注或滴注,必要時可以加用糖皮質激素。
頭孢類和青霉素都屬于β-內酰胺類抗生素,它們的化學結構中都有β-內酰胺環,如果患者對青霉素過敏,那么很可能就是對β-內酰胺環這個結構過敏,那就盡量不要使用,可以用其它抗生素替代,如左氧氟沙星、克林霉素、諾氟沙星等。
參考文獻:
[1]Pootoolal J,Neu J,Wright GD.Glycopeptide antibiotic resistance [J].Annual Reviews of Pharmacology and Toxicology,2002,42:381- 408.
[2]Allen NE,Nicas TI.Mechanism of action of oritavancin and related glycoprptide antibiotics [J].FEMS Microbiology Reviews,2003,26:511-532.
[3]Krzysatof S,Alexander T.Inhibition of cell wall and autalysis by vancomycin in a highly vancomycin resistant mutant of staphylomecus aureus [J].J Bacteriol,1997,179(8):2557-2566.
編輯/張燕