洪京京++胡濱
摘要:316L不銹鋼作為典型的金屬材料之一,被廣泛應用于生產、生活的各個領域,因此,有必要對其基本力學性能和疲勞性能進行分析。采用有限元軟件ANSYS對316L不銹鋼試樣在軸向恒幅交變載荷條件下進行靜力模擬,通過對比幾組不同尺寸試樣的模擬結果來確定最終試樣的具體尺寸,然后對已確定試樣進行疲勞分析。
關鍵詞:316L不銹鋼;力學性能;疲勞性能;數值模擬
中圖分類號:TG142.15文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-6835(2014)08-0105-02
金屬材料由于強度高、硬度大,耐腐蝕性好,被廣泛應用于生產、生活的各個領域,小到車軸和鋼軌,大到飛機和鋼結構,在生活的方方面面都體現出金屬材料的發展烙印。316L不銹鋼作為金屬材料的典型代表,它的力學性能也備受關注。在使用金屬材料的過程中發現,當金屬材料所受循環荷載遠遠小于其屈服強度或極限強度時,會突然斷裂,從而導致事故發生,這就是材料疲勞。美國試驗與材料協會(ASTM)是這樣定義疲勞的:“在某點或某些點承受擾動應力,且在足夠多的循環擾動作用之后形成裂紋或完全斷裂的材料中所發生的局部的、永久結構變化的發展過程,稱為疲勞。”由于疲勞破壞發生時,材料或結構沒有明顯的塑性變形,因不能達到預警效果而發生事故,直接影響到人民生命財產安全。疲勞試驗需要花費大量的人力、物力,而且疲勞數據具有分散性,因此,對疲勞問題進行有限元模擬是一種很有效的方法。
本文首先對316L不銹鋼材料使用規范中的標準試樣進行靜力學模擬,分析試樣尺寸對應力的影響,確定試樣的合理尺寸,然后以S-N曲線上的疲勞極限為基準對材料進行疲勞模擬。
1根據靜力學模擬確定試樣合理尺寸
根據規范《金屬材料 疲勞試驗 軸向力控制方法》(GB/T 3075—2008)中對疲勞試樣的要求(見圖1),將試樣最小處寬度b取為10 mm,弧形段水平投影有效長度取為50 mm,預設計試樣尺寸半徑r值分別取40 mm、50 mm和60 mm。
圖1矩形橫截面試樣
通過ANSYS有限元軟件來計算各個方案在軸向力量作用下的應力分布情況。316L不銹鋼在室溫狀態下常規力學性能見表1.由于試樣的形狀對稱,施加的荷載也對稱,因此建模過程中應取試樣有效段的1/4為模型,以達到簡化的效果。模擬中,劃分網格時采用六面體單元,這是因為規則的單元計算結果更加精確。為了取得較好的結果,同時節省時間、提高計算機工作效率,在應力相對集中區域,單元劃分較密;在遠離應力集中區域,單元也可以適當安排得稀疏些,圖2為劃分網格之后的模型圖。約束施加對稱約束即可,根據316L不銹鋼材料的屈服極限,由于本項目研究的是有限壽命設計,初步設定疲勞荷載為130 MPa。為了和疲勞方面相對應,此處靜力學分析中所施加的均布荷載也為130 MPa。各種情況下危險區域模擬結果如圖3、圖4和圖5所示。
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表1室溫下316L不銹鋼常規力學性能
材料 屈服強度/MPa 抗拉強度/MPa 彈性模量E/GPa 泊松比
316L不銹鋼 269.17 603.50 206 0.3
圖2模型網格劃分圖
a. r=40時x方向應力分布云圖b. r=40時等效應力分布云圖
圖3r=40靜力模擬結果
a. r=50時x方向應力分布云圖 b. r=50時等效應力分布云圖
圖4r=50靜力模擬結果
a. r=60時x方向應力分布云圖b. r=60時等效應力分布云圖
圖5r=60靜力模擬結果
首先觀察x方向的應力云圖,由于所施加荷載方向為x方向,因此x方向的應力云圖起著決定性作用;接著觀察Mises等效應力,Mises等效應力綜合反映了各個方向的應力總體作用效果,與其他方向應力的關系見式1(如果用主應力表示見式2). 因此,Mises等效應力也可作為描述材料加載狀態的一個重要指標。
.(1)
.(2)
對各種尺寸下應力云圖進行比較可以發現,危險區域(即圖中紅色區域)隨著半徑r的增大逐步向試樣中部移動,為了取得較好的實驗結果,即破壞首先產生在試樣中部,選取試樣
* [基金項目]貴州民族大學科研基金資助項目〔2012(10)〕
最小處寬度b為10 mm,弧形段水平投影有效長度為50 mm,半徑r為60 mm作為標準試樣進行疲勞分析。
2利用ANSYS軟件進行疲勞分析模擬
圖6靜力學相關結果
圖7疲勞曲線輸入結果
圖8疲勞結果文件
疲勞破壞按照研究對象的性質可以分為材料疲勞和結構疲勞;按照施加荷載的變化情況可以分為恒幅疲勞、變幅疲勞和隨機疲勞;按照材料能夠承受的循環荷載的周次數可以分為高周疲勞(應力疲勞)和低周疲勞(應變疲勞)。本文研究的是316L不銹鋼材料在承受恒幅荷載情況下所發生的高周疲勞,在
確定試樣尺寸之后,使用ANSYS軟件對試樣進行疲勞分析。分析r=60 mm時的靜力模擬結果中x方向應力分布云圖與等效應力分布云圖,發現危險區域產生在試樣中部,因此首先對此區域存在的點(取節點16)進行疲勞分析。此處采用的交變載荷平均應力為零,應力幅130 MPa,拉應力130 MPa,壓應力130 MPa。圖6為兩種工況下的靜力學結果文件,圖7為模擬所用的疲勞曲線,圖8為節點16疲勞計算的結果文件。文件中顯示,該點疲勞壽命為0.297 4E5次,當預先設定該點疲勞壽命為2E5時,材料的疲勞使用壽命系數為0.672 72.
3結論
通過數值模擬結果分析表明,當有效長度一定時,隨著半徑r的增大,危險區域逐漸向試樣中心處移動。利用有限元的這些性質,可以在若干符合要求的試樣中選取效果最優尺寸。利用數值模擬方法進行疲勞分析,可以計算出危險點和某些特殊點處的疲勞壽命,大大提高了研究效率。
參考文獻
[1]周傳月,鄭紅霞,羅慧強,等.MSC.Fatigue疲勞分析應用與實例[M].北京:科學出版社,2005.
[2]辛素敏.316L不銹鋼表面納米化后疲勞機理分析[D].貴陽:貴州大學,2009.
[3]韓同偉.316L不銹鋼表面納米化后的低周疲勞性能研究[D]. 貴陽:貴州大學,2006.
〔編輯:劉曉芳〕
Numerical Simulation on Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel
Hong Jingjing, Hu Bin
Abstract:316L stainless steel as typical metal material, widely used in various fields of production, so it is necessary to analyze the basic mechanical properties and fatigue properties. The article uses the finite element software(Ansys)of 316 l stainless steel specimens under axial constant amplitude cyclic loading, through comparing the simulation results of several groups of different size to determine the sample size, and fatigue analysis was carried out on the confirmed sample.
Key words:316L stainless steel; mechanical properties; fatigue properties; numerical simulation
(上接第103頁)
參考文獻
[1]王玉學.線損管理與降損技術問答[M].北京:電子工業出版社,2011.
[2]劉丙江.線損管理與節約用電[M].北京:水利水電出版社,2005.
〔編輯:李玨〕
On the County Power Enterprises Line Loss Management
Yang Kunming
Abstract: The line loss management is important indicators to measure the level of integrated management of power supply enterprise, reflecting the national grid system adhere to the scientific concept of development and construction of energy-saving ideas corporate purposes. On the county line loss management in terms of power supply enterprise, highlighting local characteristics, and strive to build a “technology, management, to ensure that” the three systems, county power should be the focus of business management, is truly achieve energy saving, to management effectiveness, establishing an effective and efficient way to save the enterprise.
Key words: grid; line loss; county; management
(上接第104頁)
參考文獻
[1]馬鳳亭.電力物資的集約化管理[J].中國科技博覽,2011,38(22):45-46.
[2]劉麗珍.論電力物資集約化管理的難點及對策[J].中國證券期貨,2013,23(02):71-72.
〔編輯:李玨〕
Intensive Management Mode Power Supplies and Application Analysis
Huang Zhiyang
Abstract: The application of intensive management mode, making the management of electricity supplies toward standardization, information technology, systematic direction. Describes the power supplies and the advantages of intensive management, and proposed measures to strengthen the centralized management of power supplies, for reference.
Key words: electricity; supplies; intensive; management
參考文獻
[1]周傳月,鄭紅霞,羅慧強,等.MSC.Fatigue疲勞分析應用與實例[M].北京:科學出版社,2005.
[2]辛素敏.316L不銹鋼表面納米化后疲勞機理分析[D].貴陽:貴州大學,2009.
[3]韓同偉.316L不銹鋼表面納米化后的低周疲勞性能研究[D]. 貴陽:貴州大學,2006.
〔編輯:劉曉芳〕
Numerical Simulation on Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel
Hong Jingjing, Hu Bin
Abstract:316L stainless steel as typical metal material, widely used in various fields of production, so it is necessary to analyze the basic mechanical properties and fatigue properties. The article uses the finite element software(Ansys)of 316 l stainless steel specimens under axial constant amplitude cyclic loading, through comparing the simulation results of several groups of different size to determine the sample size, and fatigue analysis was carried out on the confirmed sample.
Key words:316L stainless steel; mechanical properties; fatigue properties; numerical simulation
(上接第103頁)
參考文獻
[1]王玉學.線損管理與降損技術問答[M].北京:電子工業出版社,2011.
[2]劉丙江.線損管理與節約用電[M].北京:水利水電出版社,2005.
〔編輯:李玨〕
On the County Power Enterprises Line Loss Management
Yang Kunming
Abstract: The line loss management is important indicators to measure the level of integrated management of power supply enterprise, reflecting the national grid system adhere to the scientific concept of development and construction of energy-saving ideas corporate purposes. On the county line loss management in terms of power supply enterprise, highlighting local characteristics, and strive to build a “technology, management, to ensure that” the three systems, county power should be the focus of business management, is truly achieve energy saving, to management effectiveness, establishing an effective and efficient way to save the enterprise.
Key words: grid; line loss; county; management
(上接第104頁)
參考文獻
[1]馬鳳亭.電力物資的集約化管理[J].中國科技博覽,2011,38(22):45-46.
[2]劉麗珍.論電力物資集約化管理的難點及對策[J].中國證券期貨,2013,23(02):71-72.
〔編輯:李玨〕
Intensive Management Mode Power Supplies and Application Analysis
Huang Zhiyang
Abstract: The application of intensive management mode, making the management of electricity supplies toward standardization, information technology, systematic direction. Describes the power supplies and the advantages of intensive management, and proposed measures to strengthen the centralized management of power supplies, for reference.
Key words: electricity; supplies; intensive; management
參考文獻
[1]周傳月,鄭紅霞,羅慧強,等.MSC.Fatigue疲勞分析應用與實例[M].北京:科學出版社,2005.
[2]辛素敏.316L不銹鋼表面納米化后疲勞機理分析[D].貴陽:貴州大學,2009.
[3]韓同偉.316L不銹鋼表面納米化后的低周疲勞性能研究[D]. 貴陽:貴州大學,2006.
〔編輯:劉曉芳〕
Numerical Simulation on Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel
Hong Jingjing, Hu Bin
Abstract:316L stainless steel as typical metal material, widely used in various fields of production, so it is necessary to analyze the basic mechanical properties and fatigue properties. The article uses the finite element software(Ansys)of 316 l stainless steel specimens under axial constant amplitude cyclic loading, through comparing the simulation results of several groups of different size to determine the sample size, and fatigue analysis was carried out on the confirmed sample.
Key words:316L stainless steel; mechanical properties; fatigue properties; numerical simulation
(上接第103頁)
參考文獻
[1]王玉學.線損管理與降損技術問答[M].北京:電子工業出版社,2011.
[2]劉丙江.線損管理與節約用電[M].北京:水利水電出版社,2005.
〔編輯:李玨〕
On the County Power Enterprises Line Loss Management
Yang Kunming
Abstract: The line loss management is important indicators to measure the level of integrated management of power supply enterprise, reflecting the national grid system adhere to the scientific concept of development and construction of energy-saving ideas corporate purposes. On the county line loss management in terms of power supply enterprise, highlighting local characteristics, and strive to build a “technology, management, to ensure that” the three systems, county power should be the focus of business management, is truly achieve energy saving, to management effectiveness, establishing an effective and efficient way to save the enterprise.
Key words: grid; line loss; county; management
(上接第104頁)
參考文獻
[1]馬鳳亭.電力物資的集約化管理[J].中國科技博覽,2011,38(22):45-46.
[2]劉麗珍.論電力物資集約化管理的難點及對策[J].中國證券期貨,2013,23(02):71-72.
〔編輯:李玨〕
Intensive Management Mode Power Supplies and Application Analysis
Huang Zhiyang
Abstract: The application of intensive management mode, making the management of electricity supplies toward standardization, information technology, systematic direction. Describes the power supplies and the advantages of intensive management, and proposed measures to strengthen the centralized management of power supplies, for reference.
Key words: electricity; supplies; intensive; management