陳瑤 尚杰
摘要畜牧業已成為全球人為溫室氣體的主要排放源, 同時,畜禽糞便成為環境污染的重要源頭。本文在測算我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的基礎上,基于脫鉤理論分析了我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放與畜牧業產值之間的脫鉤情況,并借助LMDI 模型對影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的影響因素進行分解,結果表明:我國畜牧業CH4和N2O排放量分別由2001年的1 06840萬t和3937萬t變化到2011年的1 04181萬t和4087萬t,腸道發酵是CH4排放的最大貢獻者,而糞便管理則是N2O排放的重要誘因;在腸道發酵CH4排放中,排放最多的是牛,其次是山羊和綿羊,最少的是兔子,在糞便管理CH4排放中,排放最多的是豬,最少的是駱駝;生豬和牛是糞便管理N2O排放的主要貢獻者,而駱駝最少;2001-2011年期間我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放與畜牧業產值之間的脫鉤狀態主要分為強脫鉤和弱脫鉤兩種狀態,整體脫鉤彈性值為-0004,呈強脫鉤狀態,脫鉤穩定性系數為1428 7,脫鉤穩定性較差;經濟因素是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的最大因素,短期內效率因素是我國畜牧業低碳化發展的最主要誘因,而從長期來看勞動力因素是我國畜牧業低碳化發展的最主要因素。筆者認為,強化低碳養殖技術和糞便清潔處理技術的研發與應用,培育畜禽優良品種,提升畜牧業從業人員的專業素質,推動農村剩余勞動力轉移就業,培育職業農民,促進畜牧養殖業的規模化、集約化經營,提升飼料轉化效率,是我國畜牧業溫室氣體減排的關鍵和實現路徑。
關鍵詞畜牧業;溫室氣體排放;脫鉤理論;LMDI模型
中圖分類號S168文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)03-0101-07doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201403015
工業革命以來,伴隨大量化石燃料消耗而來的是全球生態環境危機和以全球變暖為主要特征的氣候氣象災難,制約著人類社會的可持續發展[1]。若是無法有效應對全球變暖,未來十年由此而引起的氣候變化將造成每年全球損失額達到GDP的5%-20%[2]。農業作為重要的產業部門,也是重要的溫室氣體排放源,而畜牧業在其中占據很大的比例。聯合國糧農組織(FAO)在《牲畜的巨大陰影:環境問題與選擇》中指出,每年牛、駱駝、羊、馬、豬和家禽排放的溫室氣體排放量占全世界總排放量的18%,其中CH4和N2O分別占65%和37%,而CH4和N2O的“增溫效應”卻是CO2的21倍和310倍。《世界觀察》在2009年刊登的《牲畜與氣候變化》的報告,指出牲畜及其副產品排放的溫室氣體超過了32564億t CO2當量,占世界溫室氣體總排放量的51%[3]。我國農業源CH4(動物反芻、動物糞便和稻田)和N2O(動物糞便和農田)排放量分別為排放當量分別為42億t和30億t CO2當量[4]。因此,如何推進畜牧業的溫室氣體減排進而實現畜牧業溫室氣體排放與其產值增加之間的脫鉤日益受到相關學者乃至社會各界的強烈關注。
國內外大量學者對畜牧業的溫室氣體排放進行了研究。FAO曾預測2030年動物數量將在2000年基礎上增加40%,而動物的平均氮排泄量也會增加,這就會增加畜牧業的碳排放[5]。Yang等測算了我國臺灣地區家禽的溫室氣體排放量。田素妍等分析了我國畜禽養殖業的低碳清潔技術及其EKC假說檢驗,結果發現東部地區呈顯著的“倒U型”關系,而中西部呈顯著的“正U型”關系[6]。詹晶等借助回歸模型得出我國畜牧產品對甲烷排放增加有顯著影響[7]。胡向東等估算了2000-2007年期間全國和各省的畜禽溫室氣體排放量,結果發現全國畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現下降趨勢,各省區畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現區域集中特點[8]。本文運用脫鉤理論,量化分析我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放和其產值之間的關系,分解其影響因素,以期對我國畜牧業的低碳化清潔發展提供參考。
1研究方法與理論
11畜牧業溫室氣體排放量的測算方法
陳瑤等:中國畜牧業脫鉤分析及影響因素研究中國人口·資源與環境2014年第3期在畜牧業溫室氣體排放測算方法的選取上優先借鑒國內相關專家學者的研究成果。韋秀麗等采用國家發展和改革委員會辦公廳在2011年發布的《關于印發省級溫室氣體清單編制指南( 試行) 的通知》中的方法測算了重慶市畜牧業的溫室氣體排放量,結果發現牛是最關鍵的排放源[9]。劉月仙等測算了北京地區畜禽溫室氣體排放的時空變化[10]。結合相關文獻,本文選取奶牛、非奶牛、駱駝、騾、馬、驢、生豬、山羊、綿羊、兔和家禽的相干數據,測算我國畜牧業的溫室氣體排放量為了便于統一標準,根據增熱效應,將CH4和N2O轉化成CO2當量。Ni表示第i種動物的平均飼養量,αi和βi表示第i種動物的CH4和N2O排放因子。由于各種動物的飼養周期不同,需要根據動物的出欄量和年末存欄量對平均飼養量進行調整,參考胡向東[8]提出的出欄率進行調整。當出欄率大于1時,其平均飼養量用出欄量除以365乘以其生命周期,主要有生豬、家禽和兔,其生命周期分別為200天[8]、55天[11]和105[8]天。對于出欄率小于1的動物,其平均飼養量由相鄰兩年年末存欄量的平均數表示。CH4的排放主要源于反芻動物的腸道發酵和動物糞便管理,N2O的排放主要源于動物的糞便管理。本文動物CH4的排放因子來源于2006年IPCC國家間溫室氣體排放指南[12],N2O的排放因子來源于胡向東[8],非奶牛是取黃牛和水牛的平均值。山羊和綿羊的數據來自韋秀麗[9],并取規模化飼養、農戶散養和放牧飼養的均值。
32脫鉤穩定性分析
根據公式(2)測算我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放與其產值之間脫鉤狀態的穩定狀態,穩定指數為1428 7,變化率遠遠超過1,這說明我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放與其產值之間脫鉤狀態的穩定性較差,很可能出現反復。這主要是因為農民為了追求畜牧業的高產出,就會過度的投入飼料等畜牧業物資,同時隨著經濟的發展和人民生活水平的提高,對肉類的需求必然會快速增加,使得畜牧業成為農業部門中有利可圖的部門,其規模就會水漲船高,進而使得畜牧業溫室氣體排放迅速增加。
4基于LMDI的脫鉤影響因素分解
本文借助LMDI模型和我國畜牧業相關數據,以Excel作為計算工具,從我國畜牧業的效率因素、結構因素、經濟因素和勞動力因素等四個方面對我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的影響因素進行量化分解,分解結果詳見表6。
經濟因素是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的最大誘因。2001-2011年期間,經濟因素對我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放都呈現正相關,除了2001年和2003年,其余年份經濟因素對我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的貢獻都超過了2 000萬t CO2當量,最多的為2004年的3 00302萬t CO2當量。這主要是因為,隨著我國近年來經濟的快速發展,溫飽問題逐步得到解決,人們生活水平迅速提高,人們對優質農產品的需求迅速增加,尤其是會大量增加對肉類的需求,這就要求我國畜牧業不得不擴大養殖規模以滿足人們日益增長的肉類需求,進而致使我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放不斷增加。因此,不難預測未來很長一段時間內,伴隨我國經濟的繼續平穩發展和人們收入倍增計劃的實施并得到實現,經濟因素仍將是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的最主要的因素。
結構因素是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的第二大因素。2001-2011年期間,2001-2003年、2005年、2006年和2007年結構因素對我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放呈現正相關,對我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放貢獻最多的為2003年的1 07175萬t CO2當量,這也體現在農業結果的變化中,以2000年為價格基準年折算為實際產值可以看出,2003年我國畜牧業產值占到了農業總產值的3155%,比2002年增加097個百分點,增幅最大。而2011年,結構因素對我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的負向影響最大,達到-92854萬t CO2當量,反應在產值上,2011年畜牧業產值占農業總產值的3124%,比2010年降低084個百分點,降幅最大。隨著我國肉類需求量的增加,畜牧業在我國農業產業結構中的地位將會得到一定的提升,這就使得結構因素在短期內仍是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的重要因素。
效率因素是我國畜牧業低碳化發展的最主要貢獻者。2001-2011年期間,2001年貢獻最大,效率因素減排達到了2 60194萬t CO2當量,但是在此之后呈波動下降的趨勢,2011年最少為88804萬t CO2當量,只有2001年的三分之一左右。這主要因為隨著畜牧業的規模化、集約化發展、飼料改良和良種選育等方式在短期內獲得較高的溫室氣體減排效益,但是長期內,這些養殖方式和養殖技術趨于穩定,其減排效應就迅速減弱,甚至成為溫室氣體的排放源。因此,在短期內效率因素仍是我國畜牧業溫室氣體減排的最大影響因素,但是長期來看其減排能力將會不斷削弱,這就需要加大畜牧業溫室氣體減排的技術創新和管理模式創新的力度。
勞動力因素是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體減排的重要因素,且影響力呈上升趨勢。2001-2011年期間,勞動力因素對我國畜牧業溫室氣體減排的影響呈現正相關,其影響力還在波動上升,最多的為2010年的92935萬t CO2當量。隨著我國城市化和工業化的不斷推進,農業從業人員必然會不斷減少,而隨著我國畜牧業的養殖規模化發展和養殖管理模式的不斷創新,畜牧業單位從業人員的負擔就會大大減輕,同時畜牧業從業人員的自身素質不斷提高使得其工作能力得到提升,進而轉移出更多的畜牧業從業人員,單個從業人員的產出就會大大增加,促進畜牧業溫室氣體的減排。因此,在未來勞動力因素仍將是我國畜牧業溫室氣體減排的重要因素,且減排能力將會不斷提升。
5結論
本文基于2001-2011年期間我國畜牧業的面板數據,以我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放和畜牧業產值為研究對象,實證分析兩者之間的脫鉤狀況,進而借助LMDI模型對影響我國畜牧業脫鉤狀況的因素進行了分解,結果表明:我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放總體較穩定,其中CH4排放量略有所下降,N2O排放量略有增加,動物腸道發酵是我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的主要源頭。我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放與其產值之間整體上呈現強脫鉤狀態,脫鉤狀態較表6基于LMDI的我國2001-2011年畜牧業溫室氣體排放影響因素分解結果無論現在還是未來很長一段時間內經濟因素是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的最大誘因,結構因素是影響我國畜牧業溫室氣體排放的第二大因素;效率因素和勞動力因素將是我國畜牧業溫室氣體減排的主要動力所在,但是長期來看效率因素的減排能力將會逐漸削弱,而勞動力因素將逐漸成為我國畜牧業溫室氣體減排的最重要因素。強化低碳養殖技術和糞便清潔處理技術的研發與應用,培育畜禽優良品種,提升畜牧業從業人員的專業素質,推動農村剩余勞動力轉移就業,培育職業農民,促進畜牧養殖業的規模化、集約化經營,提升飼料轉化效率,在滿足人們對肉類需求的同時減少畜牧業溫室氣體排放成為我國畜牧業發展的方向和關鍵。
(編輯:溫武軍)
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[20]趙勝男,崔勝輝,等.福建省有機廢棄物資源化利用碳減排潛力研究[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2010,20(9):30-35.[Zhao Shengnan, Cui Shenghui, et al. Research on Carbon Mitigation Potential of Organic Waste Reutilization in Fujian Province[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010,20(9):30-35.]
[21]IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use[R]. Kanagawa: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2006:37-54.
[22]楊湘華. 中國生豬業生產的效率及其影響因素分析[D].南京:南京農業大學,2008.[Yang Xianghua. An Anslysis of the Productive Efficiency and the Influencing Factors of Chinas Live Pig Industry[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University,2008.]
AbstractAnimal husbandry has become the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions Meanwhile, the poultry manure becomes an important source of environmental pollution Based on the calculation of China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and the decoupling theory, the paper analyzed the decoupling situation between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value, and by using the LMDI model, we carried on the analysis on the factors affecting the development of China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions The result showed that: the amount of CH4 and N2O emissions of China animal husbandry increased from 1 06840 tons and 3937 tons of 2001 to 1 04181 tons and 4087 tons of 2011 Enteric fermentation is the biggest contributor to CH4 emissions, however, manure management is an important cause of N2O emissions; in enteric fermentation CH4 emission, the most emission is cattle, followed by goats and sheep, and the least is the rabbit, in manure management CH4 emission, the largest emission is pig, and the least is the camel; pig and cattle manure management is the main contribution of N2O emission, and camels are the least; 2001-2011 decoupling state between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value was divided into strong and weak, and the overall separation elasticity value was -0004, which showed the strong decoupling state; there is a strong decoupling state between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value, and the decoupling stability coefficient was 14287, which showed poor stability; the economic factor was the biggest factor affecting China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions; the shortterm efficiency factor was the main inducement of lowcarbon development of animal husbandry in China, but in the long run the labor factor is the main factor of lowcarbon development of animal husbandry in China The author thought the key ways to reduce China animal husbandry of greenhouse gas emission were to strengthen the research and development of the application of lowcarbon farming technology and fecal cleaning technology, breed fine varieties of livestock and poultry husbandry, improve the professional quality of employees; promote the transfer of rural surplus labor force employment, cultivate the occupation of farmers, promote the animal husbandry industry scale and intensive management, and improve feed conversion efficiency
Key wordsanimal husbandry; greenhouse gas emissions; decoupling theory; LMDI model
[17]齊靜,陳彬城市工業部門脫鉤分析[J]中國人口·資源與環境,2012,22(8):102-106[Qi Jing, Chen Bin Decoupling Analysis for Urban Industrial Sectors: A Case Study of Chongqing[J] Population, Resources and Environment, 2012,22(8):102-106]
[18]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J]中國人口·資源與環境,2006, 16(6): 158-161[Xu Guoquan, Liuzeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J] China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161]
[19]Sommer S G, Petern S O, Sogaard H T. Greenhouse Gas Emission from Stored Livestock Slurry [J]. Environ Qual, 2000,29:744-751.
[20]趙勝男,崔勝輝,等.福建省有機廢棄物資源化利用碳減排潛力研究[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2010,20(9):30-35.[Zhao Shengnan, Cui Shenghui, et al. Research on Carbon Mitigation Potential of Organic Waste Reutilization in Fujian Province[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010,20(9):30-35.]
[21]IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use[R]. Kanagawa: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2006:37-54.
[22]楊湘華. 中國生豬業生產的效率及其影響因素分析[D].南京:南京農業大學,2008.[Yang Xianghua. An Anslysis of the Productive Efficiency and the Influencing Factors of Chinas Live Pig Industry[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University,2008.]
AbstractAnimal husbandry has become the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions Meanwhile, the poultry manure becomes an important source of environmental pollution Based on the calculation of China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and the decoupling theory, the paper analyzed the decoupling situation between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value, and by using the LMDI model, we carried on the analysis on the factors affecting the development of China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions The result showed that: the amount of CH4 and N2O emissions of China animal husbandry increased from 1 06840 tons and 3937 tons of 2001 to 1 04181 tons and 4087 tons of 2011 Enteric fermentation is the biggest contributor to CH4 emissions, however, manure management is an important cause of N2O emissions; in enteric fermentation CH4 emission, the most emission is cattle, followed by goats and sheep, and the least is the rabbit, in manure management CH4 emission, the largest emission is pig, and the least is the camel; pig and cattle manure management is the main contribution of N2O emission, and camels are the least; 2001-2011 decoupling state between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value was divided into strong and weak, and the overall separation elasticity value was -0004, which showed the strong decoupling state; there is a strong decoupling state between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value, and the decoupling stability coefficient was 14287, which showed poor stability; the economic factor was the biggest factor affecting China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions; the shortterm efficiency factor was the main inducement of lowcarbon development of animal husbandry in China, but in the long run the labor factor is the main factor of lowcarbon development of animal husbandry in China The author thought the key ways to reduce China animal husbandry of greenhouse gas emission were to strengthen the research and development of the application of lowcarbon farming technology and fecal cleaning technology, breed fine varieties of livestock and poultry husbandry, improve the professional quality of employees; promote the transfer of rural surplus labor force employment, cultivate the occupation of farmers, promote the animal husbandry industry scale and intensive management, and improve feed conversion efficiency
Key wordsanimal husbandry; greenhouse gas emissions; decoupling theory; LMDI model
[17]齊靜,陳彬城市工業部門脫鉤分析[J]中國人口·資源與環境,2012,22(8):102-106[Qi Jing, Chen Bin Decoupling Analysis for Urban Industrial Sectors: A Case Study of Chongqing[J] Population, Resources and Environment, 2012,22(8):102-106]
[18]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J]中國人口·資源與環境,2006, 16(6): 158-161[Xu Guoquan, Liuzeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J] China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161]
[19]Sommer S G, Petern S O, Sogaard H T. Greenhouse Gas Emission from Stored Livestock Slurry [J]. Environ Qual, 2000,29:744-751.
[20]趙勝男,崔勝輝,等.福建省有機廢棄物資源化利用碳減排潛力研究[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2010,20(9):30-35.[Zhao Shengnan, Cui Shenghui, et al. Research on Carbon Mitigation Potential of Organic Waste Reutilization in Fujian Province[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010,20(9):30-35.]
[21]IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use[R]. Kanagawa: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2006:37-54.
[22]楊湘華. 中國生豬業生產的效率及其影響因素分析[D].南京:南京農業大學,2008.[Yang Xianghua. An Anslysis of the Productive Efficiency and the Influencing Factors of Chinas Live Pig Industry[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University,2008.]
AbstractAnimal husbandry has become the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions Meanwhile, the poultry manure becomes an important source of environmental pollution Based on the calculation of China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and the decoupling theory, the paper analyzed the decoupling situation between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value, and by using the LMDI model, we carried on the analysis on the factors affecting the development of China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions The result showed that: the amount of CH4 and N2O emissions of China animal husbandry increased from 1 06840 tons and 3937 tons of 2001 to 1 04181 tons and 4087 tons of 2011 Enteric fermentation is the biggest contributor to CH4 emissions, however, manure management is an important cause of N2O emissions; in enteric fermentation CH4 emission, the most emission is cattle, followed by goats and sheep, and the least is the rabbit, in manure management CH4 emission, the largest emission is pig, and the least is the camel; pig and cattle manure management is the main contribution of N2O emission, and camels are the least; 2001-2011 decoupling state between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value was divided into strong and weak, and the overall separation elasticity value was -0004, which showed the strong decoupling state; there is a strong decoupling state between China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions and animal husbandry output value, and the decoupling stability coefficient was 14287, which showed poor stability; the economic factor was the biggest factor affecting China animal husbandry greenhouse gas emissions; the shortterm efficiency factor was the main inducement of lowcarbon development of animal husbandry in China, but in the long run the labor factor is the main factor of lowcarbon development of animal husbandry in China The author thought the key ways to reduce China animal husbandry of greenhouse gas emission were to strengthen the research and development of the application of lowcarbon farming technology and fecal cleaning technology, breed fine varieties of livestock and poultry husbandry, improve the professional quality of employees; promote the transfer of rural surplus labor force employment, cultivate the occupation of farmers, promote the animal husbandry industry scale and intensive management, and improve feed conversion efficiency
Key wordsanimal husbandry; greenhouse gas emissions; decoupling theory; LMDI model