徐慧 黃賢金
摘要合理完善的農田排灌水利設施是鹽堿耕地有效的排鹽降堿的基本保障。本文基于山東省墾利縣、吉林省鎮賚縣、新疆察布查爾縣等我國3個典型鹽堿地區域8鄉(鎮)14村的468戶農戶的入戶問卷調查,以農村土地利用政策為切入點,運用二元Logistic模型,分析了鹽堿地農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿及驅動機制。結果表明:①擴大鹽堿耕地經營規模、增加塊均耕地面積、降低耕地細碎化程度,穩定土地承包經營權,能提高農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿。②水資源保證率越低,水費占農業生產總投入的比重越大,農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿越強。在農田水利設施占用農戶耕地的情形下,農田水利設施完備度與農戶參與意愿正相關。③土地綜合整治以及中低產田改造等政府對農田水利設施投入對農戶參與意愿具有一定的催化作用。因此,為促進鹽堿地農業持續利用,針對已經發包的鹽堿耕地,建議通過土地流轉,實現存量鹽堿耕地適度規?;洜I。針對新增鹽堿耕地,建議在土地發包過程中適度擴大單塊耕地面積。探索性的實施鹽堿地承包經營權長期不變,有助于穩定農戶生產預期,促進農戶長期投入。建立農業灌溉用水的資源管理機制,完善小型農田水利設施配套及管理制度,適度提高水費征收標準,對于提高農戶參與意愿、促進水資源合理利用及鹽堿地農業持續發展也具有重要意義。
關鍵詞土地利用政策;農田水利設施;鹽堿耕地;農戶意愿
中圖分類號F205 F321.1文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)03-0154-07doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201403022
土壤鹽漬化是世界農業可持續發展面臨的主要環境問題之一。為滿足糧食需求,鹽堿地開發利用為許多國家和地區所重視。我國鹽堿地面積大、類型多,廣泛分布在干旱、半干旱和半濕潤地區[1]。大量科學研究和生產實踐表明,根據水鹽運動規律,運用不同農田水利工程,建立完善的灌溉和排水系統是調節區域水鹽平衡、控制鹽分積聚、治理鹽堿耕地、防范次生鹽漬化發生的重要措施[2-3]。
農田水利設施投資回報周期長、回報率低,國家和政府是主要投資主體,私人資金很少投入,因此農田水利設施具有公益性。但農田水利設施的使用具有公開獲取性及非排他性,因此用水戶之間競爭性和擁擠性特點突出。農戶作為理性經濟人,其生產經營活動要么力求使私人邊際成本等于私人邊際收益,要么向外部轉嫁成本,但不會自己承擔外部成本,因此在公共財政扶持不足的情況下,農田水利設施供給結構扭曲、灌排設施老化,末級渠系和田間工程短缺,這成為制約鹽堿地農業持續發展的重要因素。農田水利設施建設及管理的農戶參與愿意受到多種因素綜合影響,農戶自身特征、土地資源特征、農業收益、糧食補貼政策[4]以及水資源特征和農田水利設施產權[5-6]等因素驅動機制研究已經引起相關學者重視,已有成果對本研究起到了重要支撐作用。
本研究以黃河三角洲山東省墾利縣、松嫩平原西部吉林省鎮賚縣、伊犁河谷地區新疆察布查爾縣為研究區域,通過對3省14村468戶農戶調研發現,農村土地制度及其誘致因子對農戶農田水利設施管理參與意愿影響比較明顯。本研究在綜合農戶參與農田水利設施管理意愿的傳統影響因素的基礎上,探討土地利用政策對農戶意愿的影響機理,這對土地管理制度創新,促進鹽堿耕地資源持續利用具有重要意義。
1鹽堿地農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿驅動因子1.1農戶特征
農戶特征主要包括戶主年齡、教育水平、家庭勞動力數量、農業收入等。首先,戶主不同年齡、不同受教育水平以及家庭勞動力資源稟賦的差異等會造成農戶對水利設施與鹽堿地改良及持續利用關系的認知有可能不同,并進一步影響農戶農田水利設施管理參與意愿。其次,農業收入比較效益低,在一定程度上可能抑制農民在農田水利設施建設中參與積極性,如果農戶家庭總收入中農業收入所占比重越大,農民可能越愿意參與農田水利設施管理[7]。
1.2水資源及利用管理政策
該因素主要包括水資源、水費、農田水利設施完備程度及其產權等因子。水資源稀缺程度是影響農戶農田水利設施管理參與意愿的基本內生因素[5,8]。一般情況下,水資源越短缺,農戶越傾向于選擇節水型水資源利用行為。相反,隨著水資源短缺程度的減緩,農戶灌溉行為受水資源約束逐漸越小,灌溉用水量可能會顯著增加[9]。征收水費可以使農戶充分考慮機會成本,刺激農戶參與農田水利設施管理,優化水資源配置與利用效率[10]。農田水利設施的完備程度直接影響從水源到田間輸送過程中渠系水利用率,責權明晰的水利設施管理制度有利于催生農戶自主治理灌溉事物的行動[11-12]。
1.3農村土地利用政策及其誘致因子
農村家庭承包經營制度長久不變的土地產權制度在兼顧耕地公平分配的同時,也帶來了耕地細碎化,這與農田水利設施耕地占用的規模性和公共性不匹配。由于鹽堿地改良水利工程技術整體性強,需要區域共同實施,小規模的單個農戶無法采用,或者即使能用也因成本過高或效益外溢不得不放棄[13],因此農村土地分戶經營的模式與農田水利設施管理體制已不相適應[6],農戶不可能獨立解決農田水利的供給[14]。一般情況下,每塊耕地面積越大,越有可能提高農戶農田水利設施管理參與意愿。但土地流轉在降低耕地細碎化程度的同時,也會帶來土地調整頻繁、承包期較短等問題,這也可能不利于農戶農田水利工程建設與管理的持續投入。同時,但也有研究認為由于農田水利設施投資成本的分擔和利益的分享很難界定,導致搭便車現象嚴重
1.4其他因素
耕地質量及土地利用類型是土地生產率的決定因素[16]。不同的土地利用類型,對灌溉需求的強度不一樣,農戶對農田水利設施管理的參與意愿也差異明顯。小規模的村民組、成員間的同質性、相互間的有效監督等對成功的集體行為可能產生正顯著效應[17]。但也有研究認為,農戶數越多的村民組成功的集體行動的可能性越高[18],因此村莊規??赡苁怯绊戅r戶意愿的潛在因素[5]。除此之外,農戶用水協會和政府農田水利設施項目補貼等因素對農戶參與農田水利設施管理意愿也具有顯著影響。
2.1數據來源
基于地理學綜合性、區域差異性以及空間性特點,本研究選擇黃淮海平原山東省墾利縣、松嫩平原西部吉林省鎮賚縣和伊犁河谷地區新疆維吾爾族自治區察布查爾錫伯族自治縣作為研究區域。墾利縣地處黃河口高鹽堿地帶,以濱海鹽土為主要類型。鎮賚縣位于松嫩平原西部農牧交錯帶,是我國典型的堿土分布區。察布查爾錫伯族自治縣地處伊犁河南岸和中天山西端的阿拉喀爾山脈北麓,原生鹽漬化突出,是我國鹽堿荒地開發利用的典型。這三個地區分別位于我國濕潤半濕潤地區、干旱區,包括了鹽土、堿土以及次生鹽堿土不同鹽堿土類型,代表了旱田、水田等不同土地利用方式,并分別通過土地整理、土地綜合整治和中低產田改造等項目進行了不同程度的農田水利
2.2農田水利設施狀況及農戶意愿
研究區域早在六七十年代,通過國家資金投資與農戶投工投勞相結合,進行了大規模的水利建設,形成了干渠、支渠、斗渠、農渠以及橋、涵、渣等基建配套的農田水利設施體系。但隨著鹽堿耕地不斷開墾,末級渠系和田間配套工程投入不足,農田水利設施老化、渠道淤積堵塞、滲漏嚴重,甚至只灌不排、灌排失調,造成這些地區地下水位偏高,下游灘地土壤次生鹽堿化[19-20]。近年來,國家通過土地整理及綜合整治、中低產田改造等項目,對農田水利設施建設進行了大量的投入,但仍存在諸多問題可引水量不確定性強,且可用水量逐漸減少;農戶以大水漫灌為主,水資源浪費嚴重受水源特點變化,引水、蓄水和排水設施功能退化、老化嚴重,不配套小型水利工程產權不清、主體缺位,排水渠系淤塞嚴重;河中設壩、亂扒亂堵鎮賚縣嫩江為主要水源,相對充足,但需水季節上下游用水戶之間水資源爭搶明顯新增耕地末級渠系及田間工程配套缺乏;已有水田排水設施不合理,排泄不暢在斗渠以下渠系及建筑物的后續維修、配套和更新改造中,農戶用水組織和農戶參與機制不完善察布查爾縣伊犁河為主要水源,相對充足,但水資源浪費嚴重工程建設標準低,建筑物不配套;老化、不配套;田間排水工程不足重灌輕排,排水設施的日常維護不足,部分水回流,加劇了土壤積鹽,且水土流失較嚴重注:根據野外調研資料整理。
根據以上問題,考慮到區域差異性,本研究界定農田水利設施農戶參與管理主要包括對農田水利設施的投資、建設、經營與保護以及對漫灌、噴灌、滴灌、霧灌等適宜的灌溉技術的采用等。
農村土地承包經營權長期不變的土地政策使農戶對農田水利設施管理的參與意愿陷入兩難:一方面希望通過完善水利設施改善鹽堿地農業生態環境,另一方面又不希望占用調整自家耕地。但在占用農戶耕地時,農戶參與意愿明顯降低,全部樣本均值僅為0.54,墾利縣樣本均值僅為0.30。在兩種情形下,全部樣本和分區樣本標準差較大,這說明不同特征的農戶選擇意愿差異明顯。
(1)耕地規模。該指標與農戶意愿選擇正相關,并且在引入占用農戶耕地虛擬變量后,耕地規模對因變量的影響有所增加。這表明農戶耕地經營規模越大,農戶以土地要素投入農田水利設施管理的積極性越強。
(2)土地利用類型。旱田相對于水田而言,需水量小,灌溉次數少,農戶對農田水利設施管理參與意愿較弱。在一定的水資源供給保障率下,水田具有穩產保產特征,而旱田經營風險相對較大,因此農戶水田所占比例越高,越愿意參與農田水利設施管理。
(3)土地細碎化。土地細碎化是影響農戶意愿的重要因素。農戶田塊越多,分布越分散,越不愿意參與農田水利設施管理。在占用耕地情形下,單塊耕地面積也成為影響農戶意愿選擇的因素,塊均耕地面積越大,農戶越愿意參與農田水利設施管理。
(4)地權穩定性。頻繁的土地調整對農戶造成了土地產權的不安全感。相對于農田水利設施投資的長期性,土地調整越頻繁,農戶參與意愿越弱。山東省墾利縣部分村莊及村民小組,土地每5-12年調整一次,農戶參與意愿明顯偏低。在138個調研樣本中,僅有54%的農戶愿意參與農田水利設施管理,遠遠低于吉林省鎮賚縣和新疆察布查爾縣92%的比例。
(5)水資源利用及管理政策。水資源保證率越低,農戶對于節約用水、提高水資源利用效率的意愿越強。水費占農業生產總投入的比重越大,農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿越強烈,這與已有研究相矛盾[21]。
(6)農戶自身特征和政府投入也在一定程度上影響農戶參與農田水利設施管理意愿。通過政府立項增加農田水利設施投入,這對農戶意愿選擇的影響比較明顯,尤其是在水利設施占用農戶耕地的情形下,政府行為對農戶意愿選擇起到了催化作用。由于樣本限制,回歸結果中村莊規模這一因子對因變量的影響不明顯。家庭勞動力資源和農業收入占家庭收入比重這兩個因子回歸分析結果與預期相反。
3結論和啟示
通過對研究區域樣本計量分析,農田水利設施建設與管理和農村家庭聯產承包責任制下的分戶經營模式已不相協調,農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿與土地利用政策關系密切,同時也受到水資源利用及管理政策、農戶自身特征和政府行為等因素綜合影響。
擴大鹽堿耕地經營規模、降低耕地細碎化程度,能提高農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿。根據調研區域樣本數據,山東省墾利縣農戶塊均耕地面積最小,為3.18畝,農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿最弱,尤其是占用農戶耕地情景下,表現更為突出。而吉林省鎮賚縣農戶塊均耕地面積為8.18畝,新疆察布查爾縣農戶塊均耕地面積最大,為11.18畝,農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿相對較強。基于鹽堿地持續利用目標,建議我國典型鹽堿地區域通過土地適度流轉,促進鹽堿障礙耕地向大戶集中,適度擴大農戶耕地經營規模。針對家庭聯產承包責任制下已經發包的耕地,根據農戶自愿原則,推動土地整合,降低家庭承包經營責任制下按耕地質量均分田地帶來的耕地細碎化程度,促進耕地“小塊并大塊”。針對通過國家土地綜合整治等項目進行的鹽堿荒地開發而形成的新增耕地,為避免耕地細碎化帶來的負面效應,建議在土地發包過程中適當擴大單塊耕地面積,以實現農戶耕地資源與農田水利設施優化配置,促進鹽堿地農業持續發展。
農村土地承包經營權長期不變的土地利用政策在一定程度上能增加農戶農田水利設施投入的積極性。調研結果表明,盡管山東省墾利縣部分農戶認為根據家庭人口增減調整耕地具有一定的合理性,但與實施“增人不增地,減人不減地”土地政策的吉林省鎮賚縣和新疆察布查爾縣相比,農田水利設施管理農戶參與意愿明顯偏低。山東省墾利縣相對頻繁的土地調整降低了農戶對農田水利設施投入的積極性。探索性的實施農村土地承包經營權長期不變,賦予農民更加充分而有保障的土地承包經營權,有助于穩定農戶農業生產預期,促進農戶長期投入、長期經營和鹽堿地改良。
建立農業灌溉用水的資源管理機制[7],建立低風險、低成本、高效益和可持續的農田水利系統[22]是鹽堿地改良及農業高效利用的基本保障?,F階段,國家土地整理、綜合整治和中低產田改造等項目是農田水利設施建設投資的重要渠道,這大大降低了農戶鹽堿地改良投入的生產成本。在農田水利設施使用和管理過程中,由于使用主體和管理主體分離,責權不明,農渠及以下農田水利設施配套不足。針對小型農田水利設施,建議遵循“誰投資,誰受益;誰受益,誰管理”原則,村集體“一事一議”及農戶投工投勞相結合,引導村集體、村民小組以及農戶和公司等多主體參與農田水利設施建設與管理。通過農田水利工程配套實施,集體經濟組織剩余水資源,可以通過轉讓交易,促進水資源的合理流轉和分配,這在一定程度上可以提高農戶灌溉用水的利用效率[9]。
需要說明的是,本研究發現家庭勞動力越多,農業收入占家庭收入比重越大,農戶參與愿意越弱,這一結果與預期相反。在農戶層面上,需要進一步加強農戶對農田水利設施重要性的認知教育,轉變農戶思想,提高農戶農田水利設施管理參與意愿。其次,盡管回歸分析結果表明村集體規模對農戶參與意愿的影響并不明顯,但調研中發現小規模的村集體便于農戶協商,采取一致的集體行動。山東省墾利縣永安鎮二十八村僅有農戶53戶,總人口153人,本村確權耕地總面積為6 420畝,其中家庭承包責任田為3 500畝,其余2 920畝由村集體采取土地入股方式進行土地開發、經營,收益用于農用地道路、溝渠、水庫等農田水利設施建設,這種“以地養水,以水養地”的模式充分發揮了鹽堿地資產價值,降低了農戶生產成本,這種做法對于地多人少的鹽堿地區域具有借鑒意義。
(編輯:王愛萍)
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AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture.
Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer
[18]黎紅梅. 農戶灌溉行為對水稻生產技術效率的影響研究[D].長沙:湖南農業大學,2009. [Li Hongmei. Effects of Farmers Irrigation Behavior on Technical Efficiency in Rice Production: a Case of Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2009.]
[19]林年豐,湯潔. 松嫩平原環境演變與土地鹽堿化、荒漠化的成因分析[J]. 第四紀研究, 2005,(4):474-483. [Study on the Environment Evolution and the Analysis of Causes to Land Salinization and Desertification in Songnen Plain[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.]
[20]劉金榮,謝曉蓉,金自學,等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠區鹽堿化土地修復與調控研究:以黑河灌區為例[J].中國地質災害與防治學報,2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.]
[21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072.
[22]賀雪峰,郭亮. 農田水利的利益主體及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋縣農田水利調查為基礎[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.]
AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture.
Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer
[18]黎紅梅. 農戶灌溉行為對水稻生產技術效率的影響研究[D].長沙:湖南農業大學,2009. [Li Hongmei. Effects of Farmers Irrigation Behavior on Technical Efficiency in Rice Production: a Case of Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2009.]
[19]林年豐,湯潔. 松嫩平原環境演變與土地鹽堿化、荒漠化的成因分析[J]. 第四紀研究, 2005,(4):474-483. [Study on the Environment Evolution and the Analysis of Causes to Land Salinization and Desertification in Songnen Plain[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.]
[20]劉金榮,謝曉蓉,金自學,等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠區鹽堿化土地修復與調控研究:以黑河灌區為例[J].中國地質災害與防治學報,2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.]
[21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072.
[22]賀雪峰,郭亮. 農田水利的利益主體及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋縣農田水利調查為基礎[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.]
AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture.
Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer