趙雁偉+++王廉佐
[摘要] 目的 探討應用前后路法在胸腰椎骨折的治療效果。方法 總結分析2008 年3月~2012年3月我院骨科在胸腰椎骨折治療時采用前后路手術方法治療46例胸腰椎骨折的不同治療效果、手術方法選擇的經驗。結果 平均隨診4~16個月,前路手術21例,術后并發腰痛明顯減少,神經功能按Frankel分級,均有1~3級的改善,椎體高度恢復達80%~100%,脊柱穩定性明顯改善;后路手術25例中,7例術后腰痛,骨折復位不滿意。結論 胸腰椎骨折手術方式選擇,前路比后路治療效果略好。
[關鍵詞] 胸腰椎骨折; 手術方式; 脊柱
[中圖分類號] R687.3[文獻標識碼] B[文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)16-0140-03
Discussion on selection of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture
ZHAO Yanwei WANG Lianzuo
Department of Orthopedic,China Railway 12th Bureau Group Central Hospital, Taiyuan030000,China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture. Methods All 46 cases with thoracolumbar fracture were operated by anterior and poster or approach. Clinical examination and radiography were analyzed. Results The average follow up was 4-16 months.21 patients with anterior approach obtained good reduction of the height of vertebral bodies and were free from back pain. Neurological function had 1-3 degree improvement Frankel score. While 7 of 25 cases with posterior approach had back pain and neurological deficit. Conclusion Surgery with anterior approach in the thoracolumbar fracture is better than that with posterior approach.
[Key words] Thoracolumbar fracture; Operation; Spine 脊柱胸腰段骨折系指發生在T11~L2的骨折,因其解剖學的特點,成為脊柱骨折的多發部位[1,2]。近年來影像學及生物力學的發展使人們對胸腰椎骨折的損傷機理、臨床診斷及治療有了更深的認識[3]。我科2008年3月~2012年3月四年間對胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓損傷治療,選擇前路或后路切開復位內固定,伴有椎管狹窄者行椎管減壓術,手術方法:采用AF固定系統、Harrington固定系統、Dick固定系統、Z-plate系統、ATLP(AO前路胸腰椎帶鎖鈦板)等治療。術后46例患者進行隨訪,本研究將隨訪結果結合相關文獻,分析討論急性胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓損傷患者手術方式的選擇,觀察兩組治療方案哪種能更好地促進脊髓損傷后椎體穩定性及神經功能的恢復。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
2008~2012年4年中胸腰椎骨折病例共46例,男33例,女13例;年齡20~53歲,平均35歲;損傷部位:T11 12例,T12 15例, L1 11例, L2 8例。術前天數:2~16d,平均3.5d。神經系統受傷程度分級按Frankel法分為4級:A級13例,B級7例,C級11例,D級8例,E級7例。
1.2治療方法及評分標準
入選兩組患者入路選擇,采用后路:其中9例行后路傷椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狹窄行椎管減壓Harington固定系統內固定術;6例行后路傷椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狹窄行椎管減壓,經后路Luque固定系統內固定術;7例行后路病椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狹窄行椎管減壓Dick固定系統內固定術。6例行后路傷椎椎板切除(GSS)椎弓根螺釘內固定術,其中2例切除神經癥狀重的一側或椎管狹窄較重一側的椎板,1例行全椎板切除,恢復椎管容積達到減壓效果。前路患者:15例行前路傷椎椎體次全或全切除并行椎管減壓術,8例Z-Plate系統內固定術,7例AO前路胸腰椎帶鎖鈦板(ATLP)。以上手術除Z-plate系統植骨時有4例加用鈦合金網外,其余均采取內固定基礎上加植骨的方式完成。
2結果
46例患者術后4周帶胸腰椎強制性矯形器功能鍛煉(除合并截癱病例),出院病例隨訪:1~4年,平均2年。均按Frankel分級評分標準:術后2年兩組病例46例中合并截癱的13例中(A 級),術后2例脊柱穩定性及神經功能恢復到基本正常(D級),1例恢復到B級,2例恢復到C級,余8例脊柱穩定性恢復良好但神經功能沒有明顯改善。表1示其余患者受損神經系統恢復情況。
表1 18例胸腰椎骨折患者后入路手術神經功能分級(Frankel分級)
表2 15例胸腰椎骨折患者前入路手術神經功能分級(Frankel分級)
3討論
脊髓損傷可分原發性損傷和繼發性損傷,當發生急性脊髓損傷時,受損神經的細胞不可再生,研究表明原發性損傷在短時間內被動發生,形成不可逆損害;繼發性損傷包括組織代謝障礙、水腫、炎癥反應、血流量下降、局部缺血、再灌注損傷等特征[4-7]。繼發性損傷是在原發性損傷的基礎上發生的,具有漸進性,是可以逆轉的,這就為治療SCI提供了理論依據[6-9]。因此,對于胸腰椎骨折尤其截癱的患者,及時手術切開減壓非常關鍵。這是因為胸腰椎骨折時可造成椎體穩定性喪失,如果爆裂的椎體或骨片及破碎的間盤組織進入椎管,壓迫脊髓,將會可能造成患者癱瘓。此時,由于脊髓出血或水腫等為繼發性改變,及時治療(手術減壓配合藥物)則有可逆性,神經功能部分得到恢復[10-12]。但如果椎管內脊髓受壓時間長損傷程度過重,細胞可因缺血及壞死血液循環障礙發生繼發,缺血壞死-血循環障礙形成惡性循環,神經細胞最終變性,纖維化瘢痕形成,神經細胞永久壞死。
因此急性脊髓損傷患者關鍵是盡早手術解除椎管內脊髓受壓,并恢復椎體穩定性,從而使受損的脊髓有效地減輕其水腫,保證神經細胞能夠得到充足的血液灌注量,最大限度恢復其功能。而手術入路的選擇也非常關鍵,目前有兩種臨床常用的前后路入路方法,治療效果各不相同。盡管前路手術治療胸腰椎骨折有眾多優點,但還是要根據實際情況,嚴格掌握手術適應證[12-15]:①胸腰椎爆裂型骨折合并脊髓損傷,經CT、MRI證實致壓物來自椎管前方,而后方無骨塊進入椎管者;②胸腰椎爆裂型骨折雖無神經癥狀,但椎管受累胸椎>40%,腰椎> 50%;③已施行后路手術,但脊髓前方致壓物仍未解除或脊柱仍存在不穩定者;④陳舊性胸腰椎骨折有遲發性神經損傷者。同時前路手術不但能夠直視下徹底解除椎管內骨性狹窄,更好地解除脊髓直接致壓物,更能較好地恢復脊柱三柱的穩定性,從而能夠最大限度恢復脊柱生物力學結構。
endprint
綜上所述,對胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截癱的病例,應在完善術前檢查后,急診施行有效的椎管減壓、符合生物力學的固定的手術[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢復受損的神經功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎體術后脊柱高度恢復情況,椎體高度恢復最差后路Harrington;經后路Luque手術椎體壓縮術后椎體高度恢復最少。Z-plate內固定技術能提供足夠的力學強度,滿足臨床治療需要,術后早期離床活動后基本未出現內固定松動或斷裂現象,椎體間植骨均于術后3~4個月融合。余三種術式椎體高度恢復程度大致相當。椎管減壓后管徑的恢復情況:前路Z-plate手術術后椎管管徑恢復最好;經后路Luque手術椎管管徑恢復最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 術后管徑恢復也較好。脊髓功能恢復:前路Z-plate手術術后脊髓恢復較好,24例患者均有一級或一級以上神經功能得以恢復。這說明椎管內脊髓得到充分減壓后,其功能較減壓不夠充分的恢復要好。
經前路減壓內固定術能夠最大程度恢復病椎椎體高度,也能夠徹底解除椎管內脊髓的壓迫,更有效恢復神經功能。
研究資料分析所示,對于胸腰段脊柱骨折治療的成功與否,關鍵在于正確及時和選擇合適的手術時機及方法,而手術目的在于脊髓減壓以恢復受損神經部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱穩定性。對于胸腰椎骨折穩定性的建立,經前后路手術內固定系統均有效果,術后椎體骨性融合均能提供足夠的脊柱支撐功能,但前路固定系統更強些。對椎管管徑累及達25%以上病例,可考慮優先考慮前路減壓固定術。
[參考文獻]
[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.
[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.
[3]徐蓉,胡輝,朱健. 新型免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研究進展[J]. 溫州大學學報,2005, 18(6): 58-65.
[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.
[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.
[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.
[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.
[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.
[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.
[10]盧旻鵬,權正學,劉渤.實驗動物脊髓的損傷模型[J].中國骨與關節損傷雜志,2008,23(2): 471-473.
[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.
[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.
[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.
[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.
[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.
[16]楊建東,李家順,賈連順,等. 大劑量甲基強的松龍對大鼠急性脊髓損傷預防保護作用的研究[J]. 中國脊柱脊髓雜志,2012,15(1): 46-48.
[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.
[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.
(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
endprint
綜上所述,對胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截癱的病例,應在完善術前檢查后,急診施行有效的椎管減壓、符合生物力學的固定的手術[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢復受損的神經功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎體術后脊柱高度恢復情況,椎體高度恢復最差后路Harrington;經后路Luque手術椎體壓縮術后椎體高度恢復最少。Z-plate內固定技術能提供足夠的力學強度,滿足臨床治療需要,術后早期離床活動后基本未出現內固定松動或斷裂現象,椎體間植骨均于術后3~4個月融合。余三種術式椎體高度恢復程度大致相當。椎管減壓后管徑的恢復情況:前路Z-plate手術術后椎管管徑恢復最好;經后路Luque手術椎管管徑恢復最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 術后管徑恢復也較好。脊髓功能恢復:前路Z-plate手術術后脊髓恢復較好,24例患者均有一級或一級以上神經功能得以恢復。這說明椎管內脊髓得到充分減壓后,其功能較減壓不夠充分的恢復要好。
經前路減壓內固定術能夠最大程度恢復病椎椎體高度,也能夠徹底解除椎管內脊髓的壓迫,更有效恢復神經功能。
研究資料分析所示,對于胸腰段脊柱骨折治療的成功與否,關鍵在于正確及時和選擇合適的手術時機及方法,而手術目的在于脊髓減壓以恢復受損神經部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱穩定性。對于胸腰椎骨折穩定性的建立,經前后路手術內固定系統均有效果,術后椎體骨性融合均能提供足夠的脊柱支撐功能,但前路固定系統更強些。對椎管管徑累及達25%以上病例,可考慮優先考慮前路減壓固定術。
[參考文獻]
[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.
[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.
[3]徐蓉,胡輝,朱健. 新型免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研究進展[J]. 溫州大學學報,2005, 18(6): 58-65.
[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.
[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.
[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.
[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.
[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.
[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.
[10]盧旻鵬,權正學,劉渤.實驗動物脊髓的損傷模型[J].中國骨與關節損傷雜志,2008,23(2): 471-473.
[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.
[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.
[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.
[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.
[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.
[16]楊建東,李家順,賈連順,等. 大劑量甲基強的松龍對大鼠急性脊髓損傷預防保護作用的研究[J]. 中國脊柱脊髓雜志,2012,15(1): 46-48.
[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.
[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.
(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
endprint
綜上所述,對胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截癱的病例,應在完善術前檢查后,急診施行有效的椎管減壓、符合生物力學的固定的手術[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢復受損的神經功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎體術后脊柱高度恢復情況,椎體高度恢復最差后路Harrington;經后路Luque手術椎體壓縮術后椎體高度恢復最少。Z-plate內固定技術能提供足夠的力學強度,滿足臨床治療需要,術后早期離床活動后基本未出現內固定松動或斷裂現象,椎體間植骨均于術后3~4個月融合。余三種術式椎體高度恢復程度大致相當。椎管減壓后管徑的恢復情況:前路Z-plate手術術后椎管管徑恢復最好;經后路Luque手術椎管管徑恢復最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 術后管徑恢復也較好。脊髓功能恢復:前路Z-plate手術術后脊髓恢復較好,24例患者均有一級或一級以上神經功能得以恢復。這說明椎管內脊髓得到充分減壓后,其功能較減壓不夠充分的恢復要好。
經前路減壓內固定術能夠最大程度恢復病椎椎體高度,也能夠徹底解除椎管內脊髓的壓迫,更有效恢復神經功能。
研究資料分析所示,對于胸腰段脊柱骨折治療的成功與否,關鍵在于正確及時和選擇合適的手術時機及方法,而手術目的在于脊髓減壓以恢復受損神經部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱穩定性。對于胸腰椎骨折穩定性的建立,經前后路手術內固定系統均有效果,術后椎體骨性融合均能提供足夠的脊柱支撐功能,但前路固定系統更強些。對椎管管徑累及達25%以上病例,可考慮優先考慮前路減壓固定術。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
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