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心房顫動(dòng)導(dǎo)管消融治療進(jìn)展

2014-09-09 22:48:55徐楷劉旭
上海醫(yī)藥 2014年16期
關(guān)鍵詞:進(jìn)展

徐楷+劉旭

摘 要 導(dǎo)管消融治療心房顫動(dòng)已取得長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,該文主要介紹心房顫動(dòng)導(dǎo)管消融適應(yīng)證、消融術(shù)式、標(biāo)測(cè)與影像學(xué)技術(shù)、消融能量的最新進(jìn)展。

關(guān)鍵詞 心房顫動(dòng) 導(dǎo)管消融 進(jìn)展

中圖分類號(hào):R541.7+5 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2014)16-0006-04

Progress in the treatment of atrial fibrillation by catheter ablation

XU Kai,LIU Xu

(Department of Cardiology,Shanghai Chest Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200030,China)

ABSTRACT Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation has made great progress.This article mainly elucidates updates in the treatment of atrial fibrillation such as indication of catheter ablation,ablation strategies,mapping and imaging technique as well as the power source of ablation.

KEY WORDS atrial fibrillation;catheter ablation;progress

隨著經(jīng)導(dǎo)管射頻消融治療心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)的成功率及有效率不斷提高,導(dǎo)管射頻消融已成為近年來(lái)治療房顫的主要選擇之一。2012年歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)新公布的《心房顫動(dòng)治療指南》將射頻消融在房顫治療中的地位進(jìn)一步提高,對(duì)于抗心律失常藥物治療無(wú)效或無(wú)法耐受、有明顯癥狀的陣發(fā)性房顫導(dǎo)管消融推薦級(jí)別從Ⅱa級(jí)提高到Ⅰ級(jí)[1]。現(xiàn)將目前房顫射頻消融治療現(xiàn)狀和進(jìn)展簡(jiǎn)述如下。

適應(yīng)證

2012年HRS/EHRA/ECAS心房顫動(dòng)導(dǎo)管和外科消融專家共識(shí):①抗心律失常藥物治療無(wú)效/不耐受且癥狀明顯患者,其中陣發(fā)性房顫,推薦導(dǎo)管消融(Ⅰ類,A級(jí));持續(xù)性房顫,導(dǎo)管消融是合理的(Ⅱa類,B級(jí));長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)性房顫,可考慮導(dǎo)管消融(Ⅱb類,B級(jí))。②未經(jīng)抗心律失常藥物治療,但癥狀明顯患者,其中陣發(fā)性房顫,導(dǎo)管消融是合理的(Ⅱa類,B級(jí));持續(xù)性房顫,可考慮行導(dǎo)管消融(Ⅱb類,C級(jí));長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)性房顫,可考慮行導(dǎo)管消融(Ⅱb類,C級(jí))。專家共識(shí)重申了以肺靜脈或肺靜脈前庭作為消融靶點(diǎn)并實(shí)現(xiàn)肺靜脈電隔離是大多數(shù)房顫消融術(shù)式的基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于非陣發(fā)性房顫而言,除環(huán)肺靜脈消融外,絕大多數(shù)患者還需要同時(shí)行左心房基質(zhì)改良。同時(shí),提出導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)后房顫患者如有華法林抗凝治療的適應(yīng)證,仍應(yīng)繼續(xù)服藥。值得關(guān)注的是,一項(xiàng)比較導(dǎo)管消融與藥物治療作為陣發(fā)性房顫起始治療的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨訪2年后,導(dǎo)管消融組成功率更高,復(fù)發(fā)患者房顫負(fù)荷顯著低于藥物治療組[2]。此項(xiàng)研究探討了導(dǎo)管消融作為房顫起始治療的可能性,也是導(dǎo)管消融走向一線治療的重要一步。盡管目前一些有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的中心已將導(dǎo)管消融用于合并器質(zhì)性心臟病或心力衰竭的房顫患者,但鑒于這類患者的導(dǎo)管消融成功率可能較低而并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,專家共識(shí)對(duì)合并心力衰竭房顫的導(dǎo)管消融采取了較為謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度。在實(shí)踐中需要充分考慮以下方面:①醫(yī)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn);②合適的患者選擇;③慎重衡量藥物治療或消融治療策略的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)獲益比;④患者意愿等。

主要術(shù)式

節(jié)段性肺靜脈電隔離

節(jié)段性肺靜脈電隔離是2000年Haissaguerre等[3]最早提出的,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺靜脈開口部的左心房-肺靜脈的電連接是不連續(xù)的,存在節(jié)段性電突破,所以他們提出節(jié)段性消融電突破實(shí)現(xiàn)肺靜脈的電隔離,消融終點(diǎn)為肺靜脈電位逐步減慢直至消失,出現(xiàn)緩慢的肺靜脈自發(fā)電位與房顫無(wú)關(guān),或肺靜脈電位激動(dòng)頻率無(wú)變化而心房恢復(fù)竇性心律,其近期復(fù)發(fā)率為44.0%,隨訪4個(gè)月成功率為73.0%。2006年Lim等[4]報(bào)道,采用節(jié)段性肺靜脈隔離術(shù)對(duì)51例慢性房顫患者進(jìn)行消融,經(jīng)平均(1.7±0.9)次消融,隨訪(16.9±9.1)個(gè)月,維持竇性心律者僅占45.0%。單純肺靜脈電隔離的遠(yuǎn)期成功率低和需要多次消融是這種術(shù)式的主要局限性。

2.2 環(huán)肺靜脈電隔離(CPVI)

環(huán)肺靜脈電隔離是在環(huán)狀標(biāo)測(cè)電極導(dǎo)管指導(dǎo)下行環(huán)肺靜脈線性消融達(dá)到肺靜脈電隔離。根據(jù)所選用的標(biāo)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的不同主要包括3種方法:①在心腔內(nèi)超聲(ICE)監(jiān)測(cè)下,環(huán)形消融肺靜脈前庭開口[5]。②在Carto或EnSite等三維標(biāo)測(cè)系統(tǒng)指導(dǎo)下環(huán)形消融肺靜脈前庭部。該方法消融線在肺靜脈口外0.5~1.0 cm,消融終點(diǎn)是達(dá)到同側(cè)上、下肺靜脈電隔離[6]。③雙Lasso標(biāo)測(cè)環(huán)肺靜脈前庭隔離術(shù),Ouyang等[7]在2005年報(bào)道了該術(shù)式,以肺靜脈隔離為終點(diǎn)治療40例持續(xù)性房顫,隨訪結(jié)果顯示,臨床成功率高達(dá)95.0%(35.0%的患者接受2次消融),但該項(xiàng)研究入選的持續(xù)性房顫患者的病程均在1年之內(nèi)。而對(duì)于房顫持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、合并器質(zhì)性心臟病、左心房顯著擴(kuò)大的患者,單純環(huán)肺靜脈前庭隔離的成功率并不理想。

2.3 心房復(fù)雜碎裂電位(CFAEs)消融

2004年,Nademanee等[8]首次提出采用CFAEs消融方法治療房顫。CFAEs定義:①由2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上碎裂電圖構(gòu)成的心房電圖,或(和)在10 s以上記錄中存在由延長(zhǎng)激動(dòng)波形成的連續(xù)曲折所造成的基線紊亂。②在10 s以上記錄中,存在極短周長(zhǎng)(平均≤120 ms)的心房電圖。消融終點(diǎn)為房顫及其他房性心律失常終止且不再被誘發(fā),碎裂電位區(qū)域電位消失(振幅<0.05 mV)也可作為消融終點(diǎn)。Nademanee等[8]報(bào)道持續(xù)性房顫CFAEs消融隨訪1年后的成功率為87.5%(30%患者再次消融),但目前尚無(wú)其他電生理中心能成功復(fù)制出Nademanee中心的結(jié)果[9-10],現(xiàn)在多數(shù)中心還是將碎裂電位消融作為組合術(shù)式之一。

2.4 逐級(jí)消融(stepwise ablation)

2005年,Haissaguerre等[11]提出逐級(jí)消融治療慢性房顫,基本分為以下步驟。第一步,環(huán)狀電極引導(dǎo)下肺靜脈電隔離。第二步,左心房頂部線性消融連接左右肺靜脈,房顫狀態(tài)下消融終點(diǎn)為消融線上所有電位消失,消融線的雙向阻滯需在竇性心律下經(jīng)起搏驗(yàn)證。第三步,冠狀竇、左心房下部和左心房其他部位的消融,消融靶區(qū)幾乎可覆蓋整個(gè)左心房。第四步,二尖瓣峽部消融,通常在上述三步消融不能終止房顫或經(jīng)標(biāo)測(cè)證實(shí)為環(huán)二尖瓣峽部的大折返進(jìn)行,并且二尖瓣峽部雙向阻滯需要在恢復(fù)竇性心律后經(jīng)起搏加以驗(yàn)證。此外,部分患者需要消融左心房以外的結(jié)構(gòu)(如右心房、上腔靜脈)才能終止房顫。該術(shù)式最后還需要進(jìn)行三尖瓣峽部阻斷,同樣也需要在竇性心律下起搏加以驗(yàn)證。應(yīng)用此術(shù)式對(duì)60例持續(xù)性房顫進(jìn)行消融,結(jié)果87.0%術(shù)中房顫終止,術(shù)后3個(gè)月時(shí)房性心動(dòng)過速發(fā)生率達(dá)40.0%,進(jìn)行再次消融后,隨訪(11±6)個(gè)月,成功率為95.0%[12]。但與此同時(shí),手術(shù)時(shí)間和X線透視時(shí)間大大增加,而且由于該術(shù)式操作復(fù)雜,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,不利于臨床推廣。

2.5 神經(jīng)節(jié)(叢)消融

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺靜脈開口有大量自主神經(jīng)分布,這些自主神經(jīng)可以影響局部的電生理活動(dòng),刺激肺靜脈內(nèi)的神經(jīng)叢能夠誘發(fā)出房顫[13]。神經(jīng)節(jié)(叢)的定位方法為:通過在假設(shè)部位發(fā)放高頻刺激信號(hào)(20 Hz,10~150 V,脈寬1~10 ms),若在房顫狀態(tài)下某部位的平均R-R間期增加≥50%,該部位可被認(rèn)作為神經(jīng)叢所在,通常位于房顫時(shí)的CFAEs區(qū)域。目前認(rèn)為,去迷走神經(jīng)作為一種獨(dú)立的消融術(shù)式其成功率并不高,多用于其他消融策略的輔助術(shù)式。

2.6 CCL(CPVI + CFAEs + Linear)消融術(shù)式

隨著不斷的探索,上海市胸科醫(yī)院房顫中心提出了慢性房顫的CCL消融術(shù)式(圖1)[14]。此策略不追求房顫的術(shù)中終止,若消融后房顫仍未終止,則進(jìn)行電復(fù)律,并在竇性心律下驗(yàn)證消融線徑的雙向阻滯。手術(shù)終點(diǎn)明確:肺靜脈電位消失,碎裂電位消失,房顫轉(zhuǎn)為竇性心律或房性心動(dòng)過速,線性消融消融線雙向阻滯。CCL術(shù)式相比逐級(jí)消融術(shù)大大縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間和X線暴露時(shí)間,經(jīng)(32±9)個(gè)月的隨訪,成功率為76.0%,無(wú)論從患者還是術(shù)者角度考慮,都更具優(yōu)勢(shì)[15]。

技術(shù)展望

隨著技術(shù)的突飛猛進(jìn),很多新技術(shù)在房顫導(dǎo)管消融研究中應(yīng)用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在磁導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)引導(dǎo)下采用鹽水灌注導(dǎo)管消融對(duì)陣發(fā)性房顫的療效與傳統(tǒng)的手動(dòng)消融技術(shù)相當(dāng)[16],隨訪(15.3±4.9)個(gè)月后,治療陣發(fā)性房顫成功率為81.0%,持續(xù)性房顫成功率為63.0%[17]。機(jī)器人導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)可大大減少術(shù)中X線暴露時(shí)間,療效不劣于傳統(tǒng)射頻消融[18]。新型Carto 3系統(tǒng)具有導(dǎo)管可視、快速建模、減少術(shù)中X線暴露等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[19]。Rotor標(biāo)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)大大提高了房顫術(shù)中終止率,肺靜脈電隔離聯(lián)合Rotor消融可顯著提高房顫消融成功率[20]。CARTO 標(biāo)測(cè)系統(tǒng)與實(shí)時(shí)三維心腔內(nèi)超聲技術(shù)的結(jié)合能為術(shù)者展示直觀的心臟結(jié)構(gòu),方便房間隔穿刺及肺靜脈定位[21]。

新型消融導(dǎo)管的臨床研究也在廣泛開展。采用力感應(yīng)技術(shù)的消融導(dǎo)管利于有效貼靠,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),陣發(fā)性房顫患者使用力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管術(shù)后1年成功率達(dá)89.5%,顯著高于未使用力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管組患者(64.1%)[22]。多級(jí)環(huán)狀消融導(dǎo)管用于標(biāo)測(cè)、消融并確認(rèn)肺靜脈電隔離,方便導(dǎo)航和穩(wěn)定導(dǎo)管,能減少手術(shù)和透視時(shí)間,療效不劣于傳統(tǒng)射頻導(dǎo)管[23]。Namdar等[24]在比較冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管與藥物治療陣發(fā)性房顫的研究中,隨訪(14 ± 9)個(gè)月后,冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管組患者成功率為89.0%,顯著優(yōu)于藥物治療組,同時(shí)并未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,證實(shí)冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管安全有效[24]。激光球囊導(dǎo)管可直視下行肺靜脈隔離,在陣發(fā)性房顫患者1年成功率與其他能源導(dǎo)管相似[25]。

綜上所述,目前房顫射頻消融治療發(fā)展如火如荼,新射頻消融技術(shù)中的消融能量如冷凍、高頻超聲、激光等正在研究中,包括應(yīng)用融合影像圖像(MRI、CT、心腔內(nèi)超聲)以進(jìn)一步改善射頻消融中的解剖定位。但房顫的發(fā)生和維持機(jī)制并非單一,部分房顫患者如慢性房顫或合并器質(zhì)性心臟病,不可能僅通過一種射頻消融策略,就達(dá)到根治所有房顫的目的。隨著循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的積累和消融技術(shù)的提高,房顫導(dǎo)管消融治療的未來(lái)充滿希望。

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Lim TW, Jassal IS, Ross DL, et al.Medium-term efficacy of segmental ostial pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of permanent and persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2006, 29(4): 374-379.

Marrouehe NF, Martin DO, Wazni O, et al.Phased-array intracardiac echocardiography monitoring during pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation: impact on outcome and complications[J]. Circulation, 2003, 107(21): 2710-2716.

Bertaglia E, Tundo C, De Simone A, et al.Does catheter ablation cure atrial fibrillation?Single-procedure outcome of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation ablation:a 6-year multicentre experience[J]. Europace, 2010, 12(2): 181-187.

Ouyang F, Ernst S, Chun J, et a1. Electrophysiological findings during ablation of persistent atrial fibrifiafion with electroanatomie mapping and double Lasso catheter technique[J]. Circulation, 2005, 112(20): 3038-3048.

Nademanee K, Mckenzie J, Kosar E, et a1.A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation:mapping the electrophysiologic substrate[J]. J Am Call Cardiol, 2004, 43(11): 2044-2053.

Oral H, Chugh A, Good E, et al.Radiofrequency catheter ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation guided by complex electrograms[J]. Circulation, 2007, 115(20): 2606-2612.

Esther HL, Hessling G, Ndrepepa G, et a1. Electrogram-guided substrate ablation with or without pulmonary vein isolation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation[J]. Europace, 2008, 10(11): 1281-1287.

Ha?ssaguerre M, Hocini M, Sanders P, et a1. Catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation:Clinical outcome and mechanisms of subsequent arrhythmias[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2005, 16(11): 1138-1147.

O'Neill MD, Ja?s P, Takahashi Y, et al. The stepwise ablation approach for chronic atrial fibrillation--evidence for a cumulative effect[J]. J Interv Card Electrophysiol, 2006, 16(3): 153-167.

Schauerte P, Scherlag BJ, Pitha J, et al.Catheter ablation of cardiac autonomic nerves for prevention of vagal atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2000, 102(22): 2774-2780.

張曉棟, 劉旭. 管慢性心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)式的研究[J]. 中國(guó)介入心臟病學(xué)雜志, 2012, 20(6): 349-351.

Wang YL, Liu X, Tan HW, et al. Evaluation of linear lesions in the left and right atrium in ablation of long-standing atrial fibrillation[J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2013, 36(10): 1202-1210.

Miyazaki S, Shah AJ, Xhaet O, et al. mote magnetic navigation with irrigated tip catheter for ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol, 2010, 3(6): 585-589.

Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Frigoli E, et al. Irrigated-tip magnetic catheter ablation of AF: a long-term prospective study in 130 patients[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(1): 8-15.

Hlivák P, Ml?ochová H, Peichl P, et al. Robotic navigation in catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:Midterm efficacy and predictors of postablation arrhythmia recurrences[J]. J Ccardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2011, 22(5): 534-540.

Scaglione M, Biasco L, Caponi D, et al. Visualization of multiple catheters with electroanatomical mapping reduces X-ray exposure during atrial fibrillation ablation[J]. Europace, 2011, 13(7): 955-962.

Narayan SM, Krummen DE, Shivkumar K, et al. Treatment of atrial fibrillation by the ablation of localized sourcesconfirm (conventional ablation for atrial fibrillation with or without focal impulse and rotor modulation) trial[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(7): 628-636.

den Uijl DW, Tops LF, Tolosana JM, et al. Real-time integration of intracardiac echocardiography and multislice computed tomography to guide radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2008, 5(10): 1403-1410.

Marijon E, Fazaa S, Narayanan K, et al. Real‐time contact force sensing for pulmonary vein isolation in the setting of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:procedural and 1-year results[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2014, 25(2): 130-137.

Bittner A, M?nnig G, Zellerhoff S, et al. Randomized study comparing duty-cycled bipolar and unipolar radiofrequency with point-by-point ablation in pulmonary vein isolation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(9): 1383-1390.

Namdar M, Chierchia GB, Westra S, et al.Isolating the pulmonary veins as first-line therapy in patients with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using the cryoballoon[J]. Europace, 2012, 14(2): 197-203.

Metzner A, Schmidt B, Fuernkranz A, et al.One-year clinical outcome after pulmonary vein isolation using the novel endoscopic ablation system in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(7): 988-993.

(收稿日期:2014-04-01)

張曉棟, 劉旭. 管慢性心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)式的研究[J]. 中國(guó)介入心臟病學(xué)雜志, 2012, 20(6): 349-351.

Wang YL, Liu X, Tan HW, et al. Evaluation of linear lesions in the left and right atrium in ablation of long-standing atrial fibrillation[J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2013, 36(10): 1202-1210.

Miyazaki S, Shah AJ, Xhaet O, et al. mote magnetic navigation with irrigated tip catheter for ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol, 2010, 3(6): 585-589.

Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Frigoli E, et al. Irrigated-tip magnetic catheter ablation of AF: a long-term prospective study in 130 patients[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(1): 8-15.

Hlivák P, Ml?ochová H, Peichl P, et al. Robotic navigation in catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:Midterm efficacy and predictors of postablation arrhythmia recurrences[J]. J Ccardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2011, 22(5): 534-540.

Scaglione M, Biasco L, Caponi D, et al. Visualization of multiple catheters with electroanatomical mapping reduces X-ray exposure during atrial fibrillation ablation[J]. Europace, 2011, 13(7): 955-962.

Narayan SM, Krummen DE, Shivkumar K, et al. Treatment of atrial fibrillation by the ablation of localized sourcesconfirm (conventional ablation for atrial fibrillation with or without focal impulse and rotor modulation) trial[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(7): 628-636.

den Uijl DW, Tops LF, Tolosana JM, et al. Real-time integration of intracardiac echocardiography and multislice computed tomography to guide radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2008, 5(10): 1403-1410.

Marijon E, Fazaa S, Narayanan K, et al. Real‐time contact force sensing for pulmonary vein isolation in the setting of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:procedural and 1-year results[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2014, 25(2): 130-137.

Bittner A, M?nnig G, Zellerhoff S, et al. Randomized study comparing duty-cycled bipolar and unipolar radiofrequency with point-by-point ablation in pulmonary vein isolation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(9): 1383-1390.

Namdar M, Chierchia GB, Westra S, et al.Isolating the pulmonary veins as first-line therapy in patients with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using the cryoballoon[J]. Europace, 2012, 14(2): 197-203.

Metzner A, Schmidt B, Fuernkranz A, et al.One-year clinical outcome after pulmonary vein isolation using the novel endoscopic ablation system in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(7): 988-993.

(收稿日期:2014-04-01)

張曉棟, 劉旭. 管慢性心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)式的研究[J]. 中國(guó)介入心臟病學(xué)雜志, 2012, 20(6): 349-351.

Wang YL, Liu X, Tan HW, et al. Evaluation of linear lesions in the left and right atrium in ablation of long-standing atrial fibrillation[J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2013, 36(10): 1202-1210.

Miyazaki S, Shah AJ, Xhaet O, et al. mote magnetic navigation with irrigated tip catheter for ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol, 2010, 3(6): 585-589.

Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Frigoli E, et al. Irrigated-tip magnetic catheter ablation of AF: a long-term prospective study in 130 patients[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(1): 8-15.

Hlivák P, Ml?ochová H, Peichl P, et al. Robotic navigation in catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:Midterm efficacy and predictors of postablation arrhythmia recurrences[J]. J Ccardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2011, 22(5): 534-540.

Scaglione M, Biasco L, Caponi D, et al. Visualization of multiple catheters with electroanatomical mapping reduces X-ray exposure during atrial fibrillation ablation[J]. Europace, 2011, 13(7): 955-962.

Narayan SM, Krummen DE, Shivkumar K, et al. Treatment of atrial fibrillation by the ablation of localized sourcesconfirm (conventional ablation for atrial fibrillation with or without focal impulse and rotor modulation) trial[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(7): 628-636.

den Uijl DW, Tops LF, Tolosana JM, et al. Real-time integration of intracardiac echocardiography and multislice computed tomography to guide radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2008, 5(10): 1403-1410.

Marijon E, Fazaa S, Narayanan K, et al. Real‐time contact force sensing for pulmonary vein isolation in the setting of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:procedural and 1-year results[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2014, 25(2): 130-137.

Bittner A, M?nnig G, Zellerhoff S, et al. Randomized study comparing duty-cycled bipolar and unipolar radiofrequency with point-by-point ablation in pulmonary vein isolation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(9): 1383-1390.

Namdar M, Chierchia GB, Westra S, et al.Isolating the pulmonary veins as first-line therapy in patients with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using the cryoballoon[J]. Europace, 2012, 14(2): 197-203.

Metzner A, Schmidt B, Fuernkranz A, et al.One-year clinical outcome after pulmonary vein isolation using the novel endoscopic ablation system in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(7): 988-993.

(收稿日期:2014-04-01)

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