白寶清
摘要:指出了在福建省閩南地區(qū)貧瘠山地營(yíng)造馬尾松純林,由于土壤瘠薄干燥,幼林生長(zhǎng)不良,易形成低產(chǎn)林分。在馬尾松純林套種了火力楠后,成為異齡混交林,經(jīng)過(guò)十幾年的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理,混交林木生長(zhǎng)良好。實(shí)踐證明:馬尾松低產(chǎn)林套種火力楠后,能促進(jìn)林木生長(zhǎng),提高林木生長(zhǎng)量,增加蓄積量,可改良土壤,增加土壤肥力,改善林地生態(tài)條件。馬尾松火力楠混交林的林木生長(zhǎng)量,分別比馬尾松、火力楠純林的林木生長(zhǎng)量樹(shù)高提高24.00%、2.54%%,胸徑增粗2.57%、5.14%,蓄積量提高11.35%、3.57%。林分生物量提高14.44t/hm2、30.88t/hm2,土壤肥力N、P、K,分別提高6.00%、1.92%,6.15%、1.47%,5.00%、1.45%。
關(guān)鍵詞:馬尾松;低產(chǎn)林分;套種火力楠;生長(zhǎng)效果分析
1引言
馬尾松(Pinus massoniana)是我國(guó)南方主要鄉(xiāng)土用材樹(shù)種,具有耐干旱貧瘠、產(chǎn)量高,材質(zhì)好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但由于林地立地條件差,土壤貧瘠,營(yíng)造針葉樹(shù)種馬尾松純林會(huì)致使林木生長(zhǎng)不良,造成林地地力衰退。為了對(duì)針葉樹(shù)馬尾松低產(chǎn)林進(jìn)行改造,提高經(jīng)營(yíng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益,選擇合適的樹(shù)種混交并采用相應(yīng)的經(jīng)營(yíng)技術(shù)措施,改變林地套種闊葉樹(shù)種,提高林地林木生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。2000年,安溪縣林業(yè)局在城廂鎮(zhèn)上營(yíng)村觀音山對(duì)馬尾松低產(chǎn)林分進(jìn)行改造,營(yíng)造火力楠進(jìn)行混交試驗(yàn)。經(jīng)過(guò)十幾年的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理,林分生長(zhǎng)狀況良好。筆者于2013年11月份,對(duì)馬尾松火力楠純林、混交林的土壤肥力進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析,為探討馬尾松低產(chǎn)林分的改造,套種火力楠混交林的生長(zhǎng)效果,推廣經(jīng)營(yíng)技術(shù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
2試驗(yàn)地概況
試驗(yàn)地設(shè)在福建省安溪縣廂鎮(zhèn)上營(yíng)村觀音山,位于東經(jīng)118°06′02″,北緯25°04′35″,此地屬南亞熱帶海洋性季風(fēng)型氣候,一年四季分明,雨水充沛,氣候暖和,年平均氣溫20℃,降雨量1800mm,空氣相對(duì)濕度81%左右,1月份平均氣溫14℃,極端低溫-1℃,7月份平均氣溫29℃,極端高溫37℃。全年≥10℃,活動(dòng)積溫7000℃,無(wú)霜期346d。馬尾松低產(chǎn)林分改造試驗(yàn)地,海拔356~398m,坡位中,坡向西南,坡度20°。土壤為黃紅壤,土層腐殖質(zhì)層薄,肥力差,pH值4.5~5.3。植被為桃金娘(Rhodomytrus tamentosa Hasd)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、芒萁骨(Dicranopteris dichotoma)、東方烏毛蕨(Blechnum orientale),高度60~100cm,屬Ⅲ類(lèi)以下立地級(jí)。
3材料與方法
3.1規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)
2000年10月,對(duì)1998年造林的馬尾松低產(chǎn)林進(jìn)行規(guī)劃改造,試驗(yàn)面積20hm2。根據(jù)地形規(guī)劃3個(gè)試驗(yàn)區(qū),每個(gè)試驗(yàn)區(qū)面積6.67hm2。其中:試驗(yàn)(A)原純林馬尾松低產(chǎn)林分有部分苗木死亡再補(bǔ)植馬尾松容器苗木,面積6.67hm2。試驗(yàn)(B)營(yíng)造火力楠純林容器苗木,面積6.67hm2。試驗(yàn)(C)原馬尾松純林套種火力楠容器苗木形成混交林,面積6.67hm2。林地均采用塊狀整地造林,馬尾松純林補(bǔ)植株行距1.5m×1.5m,穴規(guī)格40cm×40cm×30cm。火力楠純林造林和馬尾松補(bǔ)植火力楠混交林株行距2m×2m,穴規(guī)格50cm×40cm×30cm。整地采用挖明穴回表土,每個(gè)穴并施0.5kg的過(guò)磷酸鈣,與穴中土壤攪拌均勻。其中混交林采用1∶1行間混交造林方式。
3.2造林及經(jīng)營(yíng)管理
3.1.1苗木造林
2001年春季造林,馬尾松、火力楠容器苗木為1年生,為自育的苗木。苗木規(guī)格符合國(guó)家有關(guān)規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),馬尾松容器苗木地徑平均粗0.25cm、苗高平均35cm。火力楠容器苗木地徑平均粗0.51cm、苗高平均72cm。
3.1.2經(jīng)營(yíng)管理
造林后,在每年5月份、9月份各撫育1次,連續(xù)撫育除草、松土3年。結(jié)合撫育每株施0.1~0.3kg尿素和0.1~0.5kg復(fù)合肥。造林后林分林木生長(zhǎng)良好,枝葉茂盛。樹(shù)木生長(zhǎng)到10年后,由于林分郁閉度過(guò)大,林內(nèi)透光性較差,林木間生長(zhǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈,造成部分林木生長(zhǎng)不良,致使一些樹(shù)木被壓而枯干。為了提高林分生長(zhǎng)量,改善林分結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)林木生長(zhǎng),早日成材,達(dá)到速生豐產(chǎn)的目的,于2012年即林齡11年時(shí)進(jìn)行1次下層撫育間伐。采用間伐可調(diào)整林木組成和林分密度,改善林內(nèi)的環(huán)境衛(wèi)生促進(jìn)林木生長(zhǎng),提高林分生長(zhǎng)量和生產(chǎn)力。各樹(shù)種的間伐比例,按福建省森林撫育間伐技術(shù)規(guī)定,間伐株數(shù)為22%~30%,保留株數(shù)為70%~78%。林分具體指標(biāo)見(jiàn)表1。
5結(jié)語(yǔ)
馬尾松低產(chǎn)林分改造,套種火力楠形成異齡混交林(C),其林木生長(zhǎng)狀況優(yōu)于馬尾松異齡純林(A)林木和火力楠純林(B)林木,而且混交林(C)的土壤理化性質(zhì)均明顯好于純林(A)、(B)的土壤理化性質(zhì),試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:兩樹(shù)種混交異齡林能相互促進(jìn)林木生長(zhǎng),可改變林地的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,提高林分生長(zhǎng)量,增加林木蓄積量,有利于林分生態(tài)效益的發(fā)揮。
福建省閩南地區(qū)山地比較貧瘠,土壤瘠薄干旱,普遍營(yíng)造馬尾松純林,樹(shù)種單一,林分結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,林木生長(zhǎng)不良,造成林地地力衰退,林分生產(chǎn)力下降,而營(yíng)造馬尾松火力楠樹(shù)種混交,能發(fā)揮針闊樹(shù)種間的有利關(guān)系,形成合理的林分機(jī)構(gòu),改善林地土壤結(jié)構(gòu),提高土壤理化性質(zhì),可增加土壤養(yǎng)分含量,提高土壤肥力,促進(jìn)林木生長(zhǎng),提高林分生長(zhǎng)量,增加林木蓄積量,馬尾松套種火力楠混交造林模式值得推廣。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[2] 俞新妥,葉功富.混交造林與人工林的持續(xù)速生豐產(chǎn)[J].福建林學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1992,12(3):322~326.
[3] 王青天.閩南山地杉木馬尾松木荷混交林培育效果研究[J].福建林學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2012,32(4):321~325.endprint
[4] 陳克林.馬尾松火力楠適宜混交模式的選擇與營(yíng)造技術(shù)[J].林業(yè)勘察設(shè)計(jì),2004,2(2):9~11.
[5] 梁宏溫,黃承標(biāo),梁定軍,等,馬尾松火力楠異齡混交林效益分析[J].廣東林業(yè),1994,1(2):20~25
[6] 梁建平,馬尾松.紅椎混交林冠結(jié)構(gòu)的研究[J].廣西林業(yè)科技,1992,79(1):11~16.
[7] 郭劍鋒.閩南山地馬尾松火力楠混交林的生物量和土壤肥力研究[J].防護(hù)科技,2001,3(48):4~6.
[8] 廖利平,陳楚瑩,張家武,等.杉木火力楠純林及混交林細(xì)根周轉(zhuǎn)的研究[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)報(bào)1995,1(6):7~10.
[9] 曹漢祥.杉木、馬尾松、木荷純林及其混交林的土壤養(yǎng)分狀況 [J].南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)1998,22(2):45~48.
Abstract:Pure forest ofPinus massonianawas afforested on the barren mountainous areaof southernFujian Province,which resulted in the formation of low-yielding stand with young poor trees due to the barren and drysoil.After interplanted withMichelia macclurel,the forestbecame uneven-aged mixed forest andgrow wellafter decades of management.This practice proves that interplanting with Michelia macclurel in Pinus massoniana forestcanpromote tree growth and increase stock volume,as well as enhance soil fertility and improve forest ecological conditions.Compared with the pure forest of Pinus massonianaandofMichelia macclurel,the tree growth of themixed forest increases24.00% and 2.54%% respectively,the diameter at breast height(DBH)grows2.57% and 5.14%,the stock volume rises11.35 and 3.57%,while the stand biomass enhances14.44 t/hm2 and 30.88 t/hm2,andthe three major elements of N,P and Kwhich representthe fertility of soil,increase6.00%,1.92% and 6.15% respectively.
Key words:Pinus massoniana;low-yielding stand;interplanted with Michelia macclurel;growth effect analysisendprint
[4] 陳克林.馬尾松火力楠適宜混交模式的選擇與營(yíng)造技術(shù)[J].林業(yè)勘察設(shè)計(jì),2004,2(2):9~11.
[5] 梁宏溫,黃承標(biāo),梁定軍,等,馬尾松火力楠異齡混交林效益分析[J].廣東林業(yè),1994,1(2):20~25
[6] 梁建平,馬尾松.紅椎混交林冠結(jié)構(gòu)的研究[J].廣西林業(yè)科技,1992,79(1):11~16.
[7] 郭劍鋒.閩南山地馬尾松火力楠混交林的生物量和土壤肥力研究[J].防護(hù)科技,2001,3(48):4~6.
[8] 廖利平,陳楚瑩,張家武,等.杉木火力楠純林及混交林細(xì)根周轉(zhuǎn)的研究[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)報(bào)1995,1(6):7~10.
[9] 曹漢祥.杉木、馬尾松、木荷純林及其混交林的土壤養(yǎng)分狀況 [J].南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)1998,22(2):45~48.
Abstract:Pure forest ofPinus massonianawas afforested on the barren mountainous areaof southernFujian Province,which resulted in the formation of low-yielding stand with young poor trees due to the barren and drysoil.After interplanted withMichelia macclurel,the forestbecame uneven-aged mixed forest andgrow wellafter decades of management.This practice proves that interplanting with Michelia macclurel in Pinus massoniana forestcanpromote tree growth and increase stock volume,as well as enhance soil fertility and improve forest ecological conditions.Compared with the pure forest of Pinus massonianaandofMichelia macclurel,the tree growth of themixed forest increases24.00% and 2.54%% respectively,the diameter at breast height(DBH)grows2.57% and 5.14%,the stock volume rises11.35 and 3.57%,while the stand biomass enhances14.44 t/hm2 and 30.88 t/hm2,andthe three major elements of N,P and Kwhich representthe fertility of soil,increase6.00%,1.92% and 6.15% respectively.
Key words:Pinus massoniana;low-yielding stand;interplanted with Michelia macclurel;growth effect analysisendprint
[4] 陳克林.馬尾松火力楠適宜混交模式的選擇與營(yíng)造技術(shù)[J].林業(yè)勘察設(shè)計(jì),2004,2(2):9~11.
[5] 梁宏溫,黃承標(biāo),梁定軍,等,馬尾松火力楠異齡混交林效益分析[J].廣東林業(yè),1994,1(2):20~25
[6] 梁建平,馬尾松.紅椎混交林冠結(jié)構(gòu)的研究[J].廣西林業(yè)科技,1992,79(1):11~16.
[7] 郭劍鋒.閩南山地馬尾松火力楠混交林的生物量和土壤肥力研究[J].防護(hù)科技,2001,3(48):4~6.
[8] 廖利平,陳楚瑩,張家武,等.杉木火力楠純林及混交林細(xì)根周轉(zhuǎn)的研究[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)報(bào)1995,1(6):7~10.
[9] 曹漢祥.杉木、馬尾松、木荷純林及其混交林的土壤養(yǎng)分狀況 [J].南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)1998,22(2):45~48.
Abstract:Pure forest ofPinus massonianawas afforested on the barren mountainous areaof southernFujian Province,which resulted in the formation of low-yielding stand with young poor trees due to the barren and drysoil.After interplanted withMichelia macclurel,the forestbecame uneven-aged mixed forest andgrow wellafter decades of management.This practice proves that interplanting with Michelia macclurel in Pinus massoniana forestcanpromote tree growth and increase stock volume,as well as enhance soil fertility and improve forest ecological conditions.Compared with the pure forest of Pinus massonianaandofMichelia macclurel,the tree growth of themixed forest increases24.00% and 2.54%% respectively,the diameter at breast height(DBH)grows2.57% and 5.14%,the stock volume rises11.35 and 3.57%,while the stand biomass enhances14.44 t/hm2 and 30.88 t/hm2,andthe three major elements of N,P and Kwhich representthe fertility of soil,increase6.00%,1.92% and 6.15% respectively.
Key words:Pinus massoniana;low-yielding stand;interplanted with Michelia macclurel;growth effect analysisendprint