姜嵐 李爭寧
摘要:指出了前手性酮和硅氫試劑的硅氫化反應是一種重要的合成手性醇化合物的方法。綜述了在過渡金屬-手性N-雜環卡賓配合物催化劑的催化下的硅氫化反應,這類催化劑的配體N-雜環卡賓配體結構多變,給電子能力強,方法具有操作簡便,反應條件溫和的特點。
關鍵詞:前手性酮;硅氫化反應;過渡金屬-N-雜環卡賓;催化反應
1引言
硅氫化反應是硅氫化合物與不飽和鍵包括碳氧雙鍵,碳氮雙鍵,碳碳雙鍵以及碳碳叁鍵等,在催化劑的誘導下進行加成反應,生成有機硅化合物。產物水解后,可生成醇、胺等化合物。利用手性催化劑催化前手性酮的硅氫化反應,是一類重要的合成手性醇的方法,反應通式如圖1。其中手性醇是合成許多手性藥物或手性化合物的重要有機中間體。如抗抑郁藥物R-托莫西汀、S-氟西汀,抗哮喘藥物R-沙丁胺醇、L-氯丙那林等。與催化加氫合成手性醇反應相比,硅氫化反應條件溫和,無需高壓條件,而且硅氫化合物化學性質相對比較穩定,易于使用和貯存。因此,從20世紀的60、70年代至今,一直受到研究者的關注。研究者對硅氫化反應高效、高選擇性的催化劑的合成與研究,至今方興未艾。
20世紀80年代,Brunner[1]研究小組首先報道合成了手性噻唑啉類配體1,其催化的硅氫化反應ee值首次達到了90%以上,對不同酮底物有很強的適應性。由此,結構不同的手性配體尤其是一些雙齒膦配體等被不斷被設計、合成出來,表現出很強的催化活性和立體選擇性。如圖2中化合物1-4為典型的硅氫化反應雙齒配體。近年來,N-雜環卡賓(NHC)配體作為一種新型仿膦配體應用到多種均相催化反應中。NHC配體具有更高的穩定性和更好的給電子能力。結構多變,電子效應和空間效應易調控。目前已有研究發現多種金屬如Rh[2,3,4],Ru[5],Ir[6],Cu[7,8],Pt[9],Ni[10],Ag[11]等均可參與催化硅氫化反應,其中金屬Rh應用最廣泛。許多手性NHC-金屬催化劑的底物范圍適應性廣泛,能高效催化芳香酮和脂肪酮以及雜環芳香酮的硅氫化反應,日益成為一類不可替代的手性催化劑。鑒于硅氫化反應合成手性醇反應的重要性,本文將根據NHC的結構分類綜述此類反應在近幾年的應用。
2金屬-單齒NHC催化的硅氫化反應
1996年,Herrmann[12]小組合成了具有C2對稱性的Rh配合物5,首次報道了Rh-手性NHC催化的不對稱硅氫化反應,反應式如圖3。該反應具有高度的催化性能,但是產物的立體選擇性不高,ee值最高為32%。作者認為原因可能是因為配體咪唑環的手性側鏈會繞著C-N鍵快速的旋轉,造成配位金屬周圍的手性環境難以固定。最近,該小組采用位阻更大的Rh-配合物6,在-20℃下催化丙酮酸丙酯的硅氫化反應,轉化率最高達98%,ee值最高可達74%[13]。
3金屬-雙齒NHC催化的硅氫化反應
在雙齒NHC配體的結構中,除了NHC與金屬配位以外,一般還具有O、N等其他含有孤對電子的原子與金屬配位,這一類金屬配合物在催化反應時,一般能得到更高的立體選擇性的結果。
Gade等人[2]合成的氮雜環聯有噁唑啉取代基的咪唑鹽10合成其Rh配合物11,該催化劑催化芳基甲基酮的硅氫化反應得到了產率90%~99%,光學純度91%的結果,反應式如圖7。對于烷基酮底物,對映體選擇性達到79%~95%。研究發現,從20℃降低溫度至-60℃,可將ee值由65%提高至90%,但是反應時間延長。
2014年7月綠色科技第7期圖7Rh-NHC化合物11催化的酮硅氫化反應
上海有機所施敏的研究小組一直致力于研究NHC在均相催化方面的應用。2003年,該小組從(S)-BINAM出發,合成了具有軸手性聯萘骨架的苯并咪唑型NHC-銠的金屬配合物12,用以催化前手性酮與還原劑Ph2SiH2的硅氫化反應。反應有較好的收率(82~96%)和令人滿意的對映體選擇性(67%~98% ee),反應式如圖8[19]。將該催化劑和具有軸手性的H8-聯萘骨架化合物13催化芳基β-酮酸酯的硅氫化反應,反應可以選擇性還原底物中的酮羰基,而酯羰基的不發生硅氫化反應[20]。產物的收率和光學活性均很高。與該類催化劑結構相似的聯苯型Rh配合物14也被應用于催化此類反應,室溫下反應48h,收到了良好的催化效果,3-氯苯乙酮硅氫化反應的手性醇產物ee值達到了98%[21]。
4結語
眾多的研究結果表明,NHC-金屬配合物催化前手性酮的不對稱硅氫化反應是一種越來越重要的合成手性醇類化合物的方法。隨著研究的深入,將會有更多結構更加新穎的高效催化劑被合成出來。從文獻報道內容中可大致歸納今后主要研究方向,包括:①由貴金屬Rh催化的硅氫化反應逐漸變為Cu、Ni、Fe等非貴金屬催化;②雙齒或多齒的NHC配體能夠與金屬形成更穩定的金屬配合物,如許多與NHC配體聯接噁唑啉等手性誘導單元都取得了相當不錯的結果,因此,開發新型的雙齒或多齒配體是今后的研究工作的重要內容;③催化劑的回收和再利用問題。
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[22] Yuan Y,Raabe G,Bolm C.Novel rhodium complexes with ferrocene-based N-heterocylic carbenes:synthesis,structure and catalysis [J].J.Organomet.Chem,2005(690):5747~5752.
[23] Faller J W,Fontaine P P.Stereodynamics and asymmetric hydrosilylation with chiral rhodium complexes containing a monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene [J].Organometallics,2006(25):5887~5893.
[24] Chianese A R,Crabtree R H.Axially chiral bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands derived from BINAM:rhodium and iridium complexes in asymmetric ketone hydrosilylation [J].Organometallics,2005(24):4432~4436.endprint
[17] Albright A,Gawley R E.Application of a C2-symmetric copper carbenoid in the enantioselective hydrosilylation of dialkyl and aryl-alkyl ketones [J].J.Am.Chem.Soc,2011(133):19680~19683.
[18] Kawabata S,Tokura H,Chiyojima H,et al.Asymmetric hydrosilane reduction of ketones catalyzed by aniridium complex bearing a hydroxyamide-functionalized NHC ligand.Adv.Synth.Catal,2012(354):807~812.
[19] Duan W L,Shi M,Rong G B.Synthesis of novel axially chiral Rh-NHC complexes derived from BINAM and application in the enantioselective hydrosilylation of methyl ketones [J].Chem.Commun,2003(8):2916~2917.
[20] Xu Q,Gu X,Liu S,et al.The use of chiral BINAM NHC-Rh(Ⅲ)complexes in enantioselective hydrosilylation of 3-oxo-3-arylpropionic acid methyl or ethyl esters [J].J.Org.Chem,2007(72):2240~2242.
[21] Liu L,Wang F,Shi M.Synthesis of chiral bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium and rhodium complexes with 1,10-biphenyl scaffold and their application in asymmetric catalysis [J].Organometallics,2009(28):4416~4420.
[22] Yuan Y,Raabe G,Bolm C.Novel rhodium complexes with ferrocene-based N-heterocylic carbenes:synthesis,structure and catalysis [J].J.Organomet.Chem,2005(690):5747~5752.
[23] Faller J W,Fontaine P P.Stereodynamics and asymmetric hydrosilylation with chiral rhodium complexes containing a monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene [J].Organometallics,2006(25):5887~5893.
[24] Chianese A R,Crabtree R H.Axially chiral bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands derived from BINAM:rhodium and iridium complexes in asymmetric ketone hydrosilylation [J].Organometallics,2005(24):4432~4436.endprint