何 巍 李敬華 童元元 趙英凱 高宏杰 王俊文 張 黎
(中國中醫科學院中醫藥信息研究所,北京,100700)
1996年WHO在意大利米蘭會議上確立并推廣針灸的適應證為64種[1],極大促進和推動了針灸臨床研究在國際的發展,近年來國外針灸臨床試驗研究發展迅速[2],為了了解這些國家在近年來開展的臨床試驗的樣本量規模以及其中大樣本量(500例以上)針灸臨床試驗研究的情況,我們對MEDLINE和EMBASE數據庫1996—2012年(檢索時間2013年4月)收錄的外文文獻進行了情報監測,對研究的現狀與趨勢進行了分析,總結如下。
本研究共納入1 373篇文獻,其中臨床試驗的樣本量在100例以下的研究占大多數,為1 044項;500例以上的臨床試驗研究共48項,其中1 000例以上的臨床試驗研究為25項。
本研究針對近年來國外48項大樣本(大于500例)針灸臨床試驗進行研究總結,得出以下數據。
2.1 文獻發表時間 自2002年開始,連續每年都有大樣本臨床試驗研究的文獻發表,其中2010年達到頂峰,當年共有13篇文獻發表在醫學雜志上。

表1 樣本量總體分布情況

表2 文獻發表時間
2.2 文獻發表國家 德國發表的最多,為21篇;其次是美國8篇;澳大利亞4篇;丹麥、韓國、日本、瑞典各2篇;奧地利、荷蘭、加拿大、挪威、西班牙、希臘、新加坡和英國各1篇。
2.3 文獻發表機構 大部分研究機構只發表過一篇文獻,但也出現了發文量超過1篇的機構。

表3 文獻發表機構
2.4 研究類型概況

表4 研究類型概況
3.1 德國 見表5。
3.2 美國 見表6。
3.3 澳大利亞 見表7。
3.4 其他國家 見表8。

表5 德國研究概況

表6 美國研究概況

表7 澳大利亞研究概況

表8 其他國家研究概況
國外大樣本針灸臨床試驗研究在近十五年來有總體增多的趨勢,尤其是在2010年,出現了13個大樣本研究成果。而從發表國家來看,德國和美國是開展大型針灸臨床試驗研究的重點國家,澳大利亞、日韓以及歐洲一些發達國家則緊隨其后,此外,加拿大和新加坡也在近幾年也開始了大型針灸臨床試驗的研究。
研究顯示,2010年之前的臨床試驗研究多是針對疾病療效開展的,而從2010年開始,則集中出現了不少關于流行病學調查研究,這表明,針灸在世界范圍內開展的臨床試驗研究已經積累了相當數量的病例,可以開展大樣本的流行病學方面的研究,另一方面,也顯示出國外尤其是發達國家對于針灸療法更深入的關注,比如在安全性、衛生經濟學等方面。
對于療效觀察研究,涉及的病種多樣,而試驗的結果則絕大多數證明了針刺的有效性,這不但為針灸療效評價提供越來越多的大樣本研究證據,同時對于針灸在世界醫學界的地位也起到了鞏固作用,為今后在世界范圍內的進一步推廣起到了重要作用。我國的科研人員也應該對一些國家有效之外的試驗結論加以重視,例如有個別試驗認為療效不確定或需要謹慎對待以及針刺與假針刺對照無差異等。
德國的研究值得關注,近年來出現了幾項多中心超大樣本的臨床試驗研究,其中既包括了有關頭痛等疾病的臨床療效觀察,還包括醫生的信念、使用率、不良反應、衛生經濟效益等方面的調查研究;此外還出現了關于辨證論治方面的大型研究,例如:他們認為偏頭痛和緊張性頭痛的中醫辨證分型是不一樣的[10]。這些研究充分反應出德國對于針灸療法的深入研究的愿望。
總之,近十幾年來國外機構在針灸臨床試驗方面投入的科研力度如此之大,不能不說明針灸在國外越來越受到重視,這對于今后針灸療效逐步被國際社會認可起到了十分重要的作用,同時也為國際間的科研交流與合作提供了更多的機會。今后需要加大對國外大樣本量針灸臨床試驗研究的監測力度,發現針灸在國外的新動態,為我國的對外合作提供決策支持,并為科研人員提供有價值的科研情報服務。
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