來自北歐的朋友：攜手雙“E”合作 共創綠色經濟

□ 文/鄭瑩（四川外國語大學國際關系學院碩士研究生）

城市簡介

1954年10月5日，挪威與中國建立正式外交關系，雙方在一系列領域中保持著廣泛合作，從造船、海上石油技術和海洋資源開發，到教育、文化交流、能源、環境與氣候變化的合作，再到北極合作。兩國的深入交流合作為重慶市與南特郡結為友城提供了契機。

2005年10月，重慶市與南特郡簽訂了《中國重慶與挪威南特倫德拉格郡友好合作協議》，該協議以能源（Energy）和環境貿易（Environmental Trade）合作為重點，受益雙方，雙方均認為有必要進一步發展雙方關系。2007年6月14日，在重慶市直轄10周年紀念之際，南特格郡一代表團受邀來到重慶，共同慶祝并簽署姐妹市協議。在重慶積極貫徹落實《國家應對氣候變化規劃（2014-2015）》的方案過程中，南特郡提供了技術、資金方面的支持。該郡與重慶在低碳能源產業上合作前景廣闊。

外事知識

可持續發展

可持續發展是指在保護環境的條件下既滿足當代人的需求，又以不損害后代人的需求為前瞻的發展模式。具體包含三方面內容：其一是環境要素，指盡量減少對環境的損害；其二是社會要素，指仍然要滿足人類自身的需要；其三是經濟要素，指必須在經濟上有利可圖。它的基本原則有四個:第一,適度原則，它是以低耗、高效、無廢、少廢的生產方式和適度消費方式為核心，以合理分配、共同富裕和消除貧困為宗旨的社會進步過程；第二，和諧原則，必須按照人與自然和諧發展，人與環境、資源相協調的基本原則建立節約型的國民經濟體系，這種體系既要符合經濟規律又要適應生態規律的要求；第三，系統原則，必須運用系統論觀點使社會的經濟、政治、技術及管理等形成一個大系統，建立起有效的持續發展的機制；第四，未來原則，要為他們子孫后代留有足夠能力的持續發展目標創造可靠的保證，使人類能夠保持種族的延續。

綠色新政

“綠色新政”是由聯合國秘書長潘基文在2008年底聯合國氣候變化大會上提出的一個新概念。這一理念是對環境友好型政策的統稱，主要涉及環境保護、污染防治、節能減排、氣候變化等與人和自然的可持續發展相關的重大問題。“綠色新政”的基本要義是提高政府的綠色領導力，基本目標是發展綠色經濟，基本方法是致力于綠色投資，基本保障是實行綠色政策改革。

綠色新政以綠色經濟為主要突破口，落實到經濟發展上，是一種以維護人類生存環境、合理保護資源與能源、有益于人體健康為特征的經濟，是一種平衡式經濟，諸如開發清潔能源和清潔技術，開發包括生物物質在內的農村能源，開發包括有機農業在內的可持續農業，建設生態系統基礎設施以及通過發展節能交通工具和節能建筑促進城市可持續發展等。

外事案列

重慶挪威日

重慶挪威日是于2010年5月30日到6月1日期間在重慶舉行的一系列文化、商業、研究和教育活動，是由重慶市與挪威南特倫德拉格郡共同攜手舉辦的。該活動的目的是推廣挪威文化、探尋商業機會，從而與高速發展的重慶建立密切的聯系。這次活動將同重慶乃至中國啟動長期的經濟、科技和文化上的合作。5月30日挪威日開幕，挪威演奏團在重慶舉行演出并開辦了樂團展覽，該展覽通過自然、技術和文化等多種方面展示了南特郡的現代風貌。早在2005年，雙方就在重慶舉行了環保產業合作研討會，簽署了環保合作框架協議；2009年12月，南特郡代表訪問了重慶市環保局，雙方就通過多元化的合作方式進一步加強在環保領域的科研和產業合作達成了一致認同；2010年，由環保部牽頭的重慶市中挪水泥窖共處置合作取得豐碩成果。

[2]維晨佐·阿蘭喬·路易茲：《羅馬法中的委任》，拿波里：Jovene出版社，1965年，第17頁及以下；朱塞佩·普羅維拉：《委任(歷史)》，載《法學百科全書》1965年(第25卷)，第313頁；雷默·馬爾蒂尼：《羅馬法中的委任》，載《私法學說匯纂(民法)》1994年第11卷，第198頁及以下；柯珀拉·比薩扎：《從 iussum domini到contemplatio domini：代理史研究》，米蘭：Giuffrè出版社，2008年，第206頁及以下。

北碚區被確定為中挪POPs地方履約能力建設示范區

POPs（Persistent Organic Pollutants），中文名為“持久性有機污染物”，它是一種對人類健康和生存環境具有巨大危害的污染物，引起的污染問題受到了國際環境安全領域的密切關注，但其高昂的研究成本卻一直制約著我國相關研究工作的開展。早在2008年，重慶市為保護三峽庫區水源地安全，就已經開始著手提高POPs管理和監測基礎能力建設，并被選為全國第一個省級示范地區，開展中挪合作中國履行斯德哥爾摩公約地方能力建設示范項目。該項目將學習借鑒挪威POPs控制的先進技術和管理經驗，預計在3年內全面提升重慶市POPs監測實驗室管理建設、POPs污染狀況和環境影響評估、履約信息報告制度等方面的能力，全面加強重慶市環保部門的能力。北碚區通過國家環保部履約辦組織的專家評審，在2008年被確定為重慶市第一個中挪POPs地方履約能力建設示范區。2009年，重慶市在環保部外經辦、清華大學、中科院以及挪威水研究所的技術指導下，利用挪威政府贈款資金分別在市固體廢物管理中心和北碚區環境監測站建成兩個二惡英快速低成本篩查實驗室，這也是我國西部地區的首批二惡英快速低成本篩查實驗室，將有助于推動重慶建立一支“西部領先、全國一流”的固體廢物環境監管的隊伍，加快國家環境保護模范城市的建設。

延伸閱讀

2015年北極邊疆大會

2015年1月18日-23日，在挪威特羅姆瑟舉辦了北極邊疆大會（Arctic Frontiers），來自三十多個國家的大約1400名參與者齊聚一堂。特羅姆瑟是公認的北極門戶，北極邊疆大會是討論北極的可持續發展的國際舞臺，本屆會議的主題是氣候和能源問題。

北極正處于全球商業利益和環境利益的十字路口。此次會議對時事進行了專題討論，另外對政治、經濟、環境、安全和地區問題也做了討論。挪威政府在該次大會上發表了關于北極政策的報告，在報告中提出在國際視角上促合作，反對抗；在氣候問題上，全球變暖已成燃眉之急，旨在達成一項新的氣候變化協議。此次大會的目的是希望通過其后問題談判形成建設性意見，為即將于2015年12月在巴黎召開的聯合國氣候大會做準備。

挪威駐華大使館，挪威駐滬總領事館安排中國的北極研究者、企業和相關記者參加了此次大會。關于北極可持續發展與治理問題，中國政府積極支持國際合作共同解決北極發展所帶來的潛在威脅和挑戰，并熱切希望參與北極國際研究合作。此外，由于極地特殊的地緣因素和環境因素，中國對極地鮮有研究的事實導致中國無法深入了解極地的復雜性，這將進一步影響中國與挪威在低碳產業和能源方面的廣泛合作。因此，中國科學工作者將參與某些國際合作的課題研究，同時中國在這方面的研究也將保持開放性，以期建立極地研究和學術交流的平臺。中石化也表示將在未來的能源合作中更加注重環保和社會責任，參與當地治理環境，推動能源的可持續發展。

中國在北極邊疆大會所表現的積極態度，得到與會各方的高度評價，會議東道主挪威亦希望能夠在能源和低碳等領域與中國保持長期合作，以實現可持續發展。

Introduction of S?r-Tr?ndelag

S?r-Tr?ndelag is located in central Norway,covers 18,832 square kilometers,with a population of nearly 300,000,which is about 6% of Norway’s population.Thanks to fjords warm current,S?r-Tr?ndelag has mild climate and clear four seasons,the county has more developed agriculture,fishing,shipping and processing industry.As the capital and largest city of the county,Trondheim has acquired an enviable reputation for environmental protection and science and technology.

Since 1954,Nor way and China has established formal diplomatic relations,and has been maintaining extensive cooperation in a series of field,from shipbuilding,offshore oil technology,Marine resources development,to education,cultural exchange,energy,dealing with climate change,and cooperation in North Pole.All of these provided the opportunity for S?r-Tr?ndelag and Chongqing to become sister city.

In October 2005,Chongqing and S?r-Tr?ndelag signed a friendly agreement,which mainly focused on energy and environmental trade (what it is “Double ‘E’”),and it benefited the two sides.Both sides agreed that there was a need for further developments of bilateral relations.On June 14,2007,the day that was the 10th anniversary of Chongqing Municipality,a delegation of S?r-Tr?ndelag was invited to Chongqing to jointly celebrate the anniversary and signed a sister city agreement with Chongqing.During the process that Chongqing actively implemented the program of “National Climate Change Plan (2014-2015)”,S?r-Tr?ndelag provided supports for technology and funds.The county and Chongqing have broad prospects for cooperation in the field of lowcarbon energy industry.

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a process for meeting human development goals while sustaining the ability of natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend.

Sustainable development has been described in terms of three dimensions: one is environmental factors,which refers to minimize damage to the environment;the second is the social element,which refers to meet the needs of human beings;the third is economic factors,which means it must be economically profitable.

Sustainable development has four basic principles: First,the principle of proportionality,which emphasizes the low,efficient,no waste,less waste production and moderate consumption as t he c o re,fo r t he pur p o se of r e as o n a b l e a l l o c at i o n,c o m m o n prosperity and poverty elimination;Second,the principle of harmony,which must follow the harmonious development between man and nature,the basic principles of the coordinated resourcesaving national economic system based on the coordination of man,environment and resources,and such a system is necessary to comply with economic laws and to adapt to ecological laws;Third,the principle of system,which must apply a systematic view of economic,political,technological management,and establish a mechanism for effective sustainable development;Fourth,the principle of future,which will leave adequate capacity of sustainable development goal of creating a reliable guarantee for their children and grandchildren that the continuation of the human race can be maintained.

Green New Deal

Green New Deal is a new concept proposed by the U N Sec ret ar y-General Ban Ki-moon at the United Nations Climate Change Conference on December 11,2008.This concept collectively known as environmentallyfriendly policies,which mainly related to environmental protection,pollution control,energy conservation,climate changes and other major problems on the sustainable development of man and nature.Green New Deal,its basic gist is improving the government's green leadership,its basic goal is to develop green economy,its basic method is committed to the green investment,and its basic guarantee is to implement green policy reform.

Green New Deal,as a major breakthrough in the green economy,has implemented economic development,w h i c h w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e h u m a n environment,reasonable protection of resources and energy,characterized by beneficial to human health,and is a balanced economy.Green New Deal includes the development of clean energy and clean technology,the development of biomass and sustainable agriculture,the construction of ecological infrastructure systems and the promotion of sustainable urban development through the development of energy-efficient vehicles and energyefficient buildings.

Cases

Chongqing-Norway’s Day

Chongqing-Norway’s Day,which was established by Chongqing and S?r-Tr?ndelag,was held from 30th May to the 1st June in the year of 2010.This festival would disseminate the introduction of Norway’s culture,commerce and education,with the aim of popularizing Norway’s culture,searching for commercial chances so that the county and Chongqing would be well connected.Norway’s Virtuosi held an exhibition on 30th May in Chongqing.This exhibition showed people the modern style of S?r-Tr?ndelag by many aspects including the nature,technology and culture.Early in 2005,the two cities had a meeting in Chongqing discussing the cooperation of environmental protection and signed some environmental protection treaties.In December,2009,the S?r-Tr?ndelag delegation visited Chongqing’s environmental protection agency and made a great deal.

Sino-Norwegian POPs project

POPs(Persistent Organic Pollutants),it is a great harm to human health and living environment,international environment security sector have paid close attention to the pollution problems caused by it,but its high research costs has been restricting Chinese research work carried out.

Back in 2008,in order to improve the management of POPs and environmental monitoring capacity-building,some measures of protection of water safety in Three Gorges Reservoir had been taken,and Chongqing was elected the Chinese first provincial-level demonstration area to implement the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants,which is one important principle of Sino-Norwegian cooperation in local capacity-building pilot projects.The project will help Chongqing learn from Norway POPs control in the advanced technology and management experience,and comprehensively enhance POPs monitoring laboratory building,improve the ability of assessment on POPs pollution and environmental impact,strengthen the contractual capacity in 3-year period.Beibei district was identified as the first Norwegian POPs performance demonstration areas in 2008 through the review committee of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (MEP).

In 2009,with the help of MEP,Tsinghua University,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Norway water Institute,Chongqing took advantage of Norway Government funds to build two dioxin screening test laboratories in Chongqing solid waste management center and beibei district,these were the earliest fast and low-cost screening laboratories in the west area of China,and it would support Chongqing to promote "West leading,and national first-class" team of solid waste environment regulatory,and accelerated construction of national model city of environmental protection.

Further Reading

Arctic Frontiers

The 9th Arctic Frontiers conference was held in Troms?,Norway,from Sunday 18 January to Friday 23 January 2015.The conference attracted about 1,400 participants from more than 30 countries gathered.Troms? is recognized as the Arctic portal.The Arctic frontier conference is an international arena to discuss the sustainable development in the Arctic,and the theme of this conference was climate and energy issues.

The Arctic is a global crossroad between commercial and environmental interests.This conference held a thematic discussion on current events,in addition to the economic,environmental,political,security and regional issues were also discussed.The Government of Norway published a report on Arctic policy,promoting cooperation and preventing conflict in the international angle were put forward in the report;on climate change,the rising temperatures became burning issues and aimed of reaching a new climate agreement.The purpose of the conference is to be formed constructive ideas by the subsequent negotiations,prepared for the upcoming UN Climate Conference held in Paris,in December 2015.

Norwegian Embassy in Chinese,the Norwegian Consulate General in Shanghai invited Chinese Arctic researchers,enterprises and related reporters to the meeting.On the theme of Arctic sustainable development and governance issues,the Chinese government actively supports international cooperation and common resolve potential threats and challenges posed by the development of the Arctic,and are keen to participate in international research cooperation in the Arctic.In addition,since the polar special geographical and environmental factors,almost none of Chinese scholar can comprehend the complexities of the polar,as a result which will further affect the extensive cooperation between China and Norway in the low carbon industry and energy.Therefore,Chinese scientists will participate in some international research cooperation,while Chinese research in this area will remain open to establishing polar research and academic exchange platform.Sinopec also said it would pay more attention to environmental protection and social responsibility in the future of energy cooperation,participation in local governance environment to promote sustainable energy development.

China’s positive attitude in the Arctic frontier has been highly praised by the participating parties.To achieve sustainable development,Norway,the host of the meeting,also hopes to maintain long-term cooperation with China in lowcarbon energy and other fields.