張囡
(陜西師范大學(xué) 陜西西安 710062)
炎炎沙漠中的欣欣向榮
——關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯對(duì)介詞翻譯客觀性檢驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
張囡
(陜西師范大學(xué) 陜西西安 710062)
提及英語(yǔ)中的介詞及介詞詞組,我相信首先跳入我們腦海中的(當(dāng)然我這里所說(shuō)的是最起碼有一定水平,至少懂得英語(yǔ)中的介詞是什么的人)就是“桌方論”,所謂“桌方論”用我的話講就是on the desk,in the desk,under the desk以及above the desk---英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)就這樣在一堆兒一堆兒的類似排比又仿佛規(guī)律的意群中進(jìn)行。那么,我們來(lái)對(duì)這組“桌方論”做一點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)單的分析:請(qǐng)大家注意一下,“桌方論”中的介詞都不是單槍匹馬獨(dú)自上戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的,這介詞之后還有desk這個(gè)強(qiáng)大的名詞做后盾呢。因此,基于現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的“分析性語(yǔ)言”(analytical language)特征,詞語(yǔ)之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系主要不是通過(guò)相對(duì)固定的次序?qū)崿F(xiàn),而是通過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的搭配關(guān)系表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。這其中,我們最大的功臣就是介詞,它們充當(dāng)了這種搭配關(guān)系的橋梁,并且以它們極大程度的友好性和靈活性聯(lián)絡(luò)了不少名詞,形容詞甚至動(dòng)詞,從而在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中尤其是虛詞一類中樹立了自己堅(jiān)不可摧的地位。
我們大家都知道,介詞又名小品詞,是功能詞的一種,用于名詞或類似名詞的詞,詞組和從句前,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)記這些詞或詞組與句中其他成分的關(guān)系的功能。不管怎么樣,所有表達(dá)概念的或者定義的事物聽起來(lái)難免有一些晦澀,不過(guò)沒(méi)關(guān)系我們要做的只是用自己的方式去理解,就像我在上文中提到的一樣介詞的搭配功能和搭配范圍是相當(dāng)強(qiáng)大的。通過(guò)這幾天回頭對(duì)介詞系統(tǒng)的研究和資料查閱,我發(fā)現(xiàn)—英語(yǔ)中,除介詞短語(yǔ),簡(jiǎn)單介詞和復(fù)合介詞的數(shù)量大約有100個(gè),其中常用介詞不過(guò)50個(gè)。雖說(shuō)比起那些實(shí)詞的分量這數(shù)字未免顯得有些單薄,但其實(shí)平日的學(xué)習(xí)中我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)句子的組織及意義的準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)大多是由介詞來(lái)完成的。接下來(lái)這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)就有些令人震撼了。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),一本書或一篇文章中帶有介詞的句子通常會(huì)占到整篇內(nèi)容的三分之二。
說(shuō)了這么多其實(shí)總結(jié)起來(lái)我想表達(dá)的意思還是相對(duì)比較清晰的,那就是介詞其實(shí)在英語(yǔ)中是一片經(jīng)常被我們英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者或者說(shuō)未來(lái)翻譯的翻譯工作者忽視的土地,這土地原本欣欣向榮,生機(jī)勃勃,卻因種種原因變成了我們心目中的炎熱沙漠,無(wú)人問(wèn)津的現(xiàn)狀確實(shí)令人發(fā)汗。即便是有一些范圍內(nèi)的涉足,也是少之又少的,目前,對(duì)介詞的研究大多關(guān)注介詞的意義,用法以及同其他詞語(yǔ)的搭配,而針對(duì)介詞翻譯的研究則更多地關(guān)注翻譯技巧,即探討的問(wèn)題集中在這個(gè)介詞該不該譯或用什么方法譯。而今天,我想跟大家分享的似乎會(huì)更有趣-----那就是當(dāng)越來(lái)越多的翻譯軟件加之在線輔助翻譯工具悄悄地滲透在我們的學(xué)習(xí)生活中時(shí),我們又如何對(duì)待他們呢,全盤接受,茫然批判,顯然,這都是不可取的,先不說(shuō)為什么,相信大家可以從我的用詞中得到一些蛛絲馬跡-----大家可別忘了,任何絕對(duì)化的東西是絕對(duì)不可取的。接受或是批判,哲學(xué)思想會(huì)啟迪我們判斷的最根本的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無(wú)非是看這個(gè)事物的客觀性,而對(duì)于翻譯,將一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種語(yǔ)言,其客觀性就表現(xiàn)在他的翻譯質(zhì)量。這樣我們的目標(biāo)就明了了,檢驗(yàn)這些軟件翻譯的質(zhì)量,然后憑你的專業(yè)知識(shí)來(lái)判斷其客觀性,最終再下結(jié)論。結(jié)合上面所說(shuō)的我們今天就來(lái)做一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn),那就是“翻譯軟件對(duì)介詞翻譯的客觀性檢驗(yàn)。”接下來(lái),我們來(lái)一起關(guān)注這個(gè)小小的實(shí)驗(yàn)------
(一)報(bào)告主題:翻譯軟件對(duì)介詞翻譯的客觀性檢驗(yàn)
(二)實(shí)驗(yàn)材料來(lái)源:新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程(第五版)第二十六講(介詞和介詞詞組)
(三)實(shí)驗(yàn)工具:百度在線翻譯
(四)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法及步驟:a.將所有介詞及介詞詞組出現(xiàn)的例句用百度在線翻譯做一遍
b.將百度翻譯結(jié)果與書中翻譯進(jìn)行對(duì)比
c.對(duì)比得出結(jié)論作出分析
(五)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康模簷z驗(yàn)該軟件對(duì)介詞翻譯的處理效果,檢驗(yàn)其翻譯質(zhì)量,分析其工作利弊,從而促進(jìn)翻譯事業(yè)(包括人工翻譯和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯在內(nèi))的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步。
(六)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果展示:
1.介詞與形容詞的搭配
Is that country rich in minerals? 是,礦藏豐富的國(guó)家?
He is intent on winning. 他決心贏得
I’m indifferent to heat and cold. 我冷漠to熱與冷。
Rose is alive to the feeling of shame.玫瑰是活著的羞恥感.
The cat is alive with lice. 貓是活的虱子。
The man is blind of an eye. 他瞎了一只眼。
Jack was blind to his own fault. 杰克是盲人,他自己的過(guò)錯(cuò)。
Joe was very disappointed at not finding her at home.喬很失望的發(fā)現(xiàn)她不在家。
His parents will be disappointed with her if she fails the exam.他的父母將如果她考試不及格,感到失望的她。
2.介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配
I shall prevail on him to make the attempt. 我說(shuō)服他去做這樣的嘗試。
You can appeal to a higher court and apply for a fresh trail.你可以向上級(jí)法院上訴,申請(qǐng)一個(gè)新的線索。
We concentrated on doing one job at a time.我們集中在一次做一份工作。
He fell into the habit of not attending to other people’s advice.他漸漸習(xí)慣了不參加別人的意見。
Your correspondents have only touched upon the fringe of the matter.的記者對(duì)此事的邊緣只有感動(dòng)。
They excluded him from the club.他們拒絕他的俱樂(lè)部。
They took me into their confidence.他們信任我。
Bad weather robs a holiday of half its pleasure.惡劣的天氣使一半的快樂(lè)假期。
He released her from her promise.他發(fā)表了她的承諾
These men took her from for a swindler.這些人把她從一個(gè)騙子。
The old widow always takes pity on some stray cat or dog.老寡婦總是哀憐無(wú)家可歸的貓或狗。
The report lays great emphasis on the development of nursery schools in the area.該報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)了在該地區(qū)的幼兒園的發(fā)展。
You should take advantage of this opportunity,for it may not occur again.你應(yīng)該好好利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),因?yàn)樗赡懿粫?huì)再次發(fā)生。
I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.我不想打破你的思想。
The family came up against fresh problems.家庭遇到了新的問(wèn)題。
You are not telling me the whole story.You are holding out on me.你沒(méi)有告訴我全部的故事。你是在騙我。
She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.她下了他之后,她開始在機(jī)關(guān)工作的很快。
We shouldn’t’t put the shortage down to bad planning.我們不應(yīng)該把短缺到壞的計(jì)劃。
You shouldn’t’t take your resentment out on me.你不應(yīng)該把你的怨恨發(fā)泄在我的身上。
You must watch that guy,or he’ll put something over on you before you know it.你必須注意那家伙,他會(huì)說(shuō)你在你知道它之前。
3.介詞與名詞的搭配
There seems to be a solution to this problem.似乎有一個(gè)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的辦法。
Have you any faith in herb medicine?你在草藥任何信仰嗎?
A glance at this letter will convince you by its contents that Mike is grasping at your money.只要看一眼這封信將其內(nèi)容,邁克握在你的錢說(shuō)服你。
Is there any for all this hurry?有沒(méi)有這么急?
A young man should be on guard against bad company.一個(gè)年輕人要防范壞伙伴公司。
we did it at your request.我們做它在您的請(qǐng)求
In all probability,he passed the entrance examination of our institution.在所有的可能性,他通過(guò)我們機(jī)構(gòu)的入學(xué)考試。
復(fù)雜介詞
1.雙詞介詞
according to 根據(jù),按照;據(jù)…所說(shuō);如;比照;
ahead of n.在…之前;
along with和…一起[一道],隨著;除…以外(還);以及;連同;
apart from 脫離;除此之外(表示除…以外別無(wú));除去;撇開…來(lái)說(shuō)(表示除…以外尚有);
apropos of adv.關(guān)于,至于;
as for至于,關(guān)于;說(shuō)起;
as to至于;關(guān)于;按著;根據(jù);
because of因?yàn)椋捎冢换冢?/p>
but for要不是;
care of adv.由…轉(zhuǎn)交;
due to欠下債[賬],應(yīng)給予;由于;定于;
irrespective of不顧的,不考慮的,無(wú)論;在所不計(jì);不計(jì);
out of n.由于(原因,動(dòng)機(jī));用…(材料);自…離開;得自(來(lái)源);
owing to由于,因?yàn)椋欢嗵潱?/p>
previously to以前
prior to adj.先前的;較早的;在前的;優(yōu)先的;
regardless of不管,不顧;無(wú);不拘;
save for為…積蓄[儲(chǔ)存]…;節(jié)省;
thanks to幸虧,多虧,由于;
together with和…一同,連同…;連。。。帶。。。;與;偕;
up to直到;做…;在于…;能勝任;
except for除…之外;若不是;
what with因?yàn)椋捎冢紤]到;
instead of(用…)代替…,(是…)而不是…,(用…)而不用…;
例句:
Apropos of higher tuition,Mr.Black told the boy about the educational loans that banks are offering.關(guān)于更高的學(xué)費(fèi),布萊克先生告訴男孩,銀行提供教育貸款。
She never would have been able to make a success of the dinning-room but for the kindness and assistance of the men.她絕不能做一個(gè)成功的餐廳但對(duì)男人的援助。
You’d better try writing to Jane care of the BBC.They’ll probably send the letter on to her.最好試著寫簡(jiǎn)照顧的英國(guó)廣播公司。他們可能會(huì)把這封信寄給她。
The big audition was oddly silent except for a few scattered giggles.大試鏡是奇怪的沉默,除了一些零散的笑聲。
why don’t you stay home and watch TV instead of going to the cinema?你為什么不呆在家看電視Instead of going to the cinema?
She bought whatever caught her eye regardless of the price.她買什么吸引了她的目光,無(wú)論價(jià)格
She was cheated out of$1,000 by the young man.她被騙了1000美元的年輕人
He sent her some books,together with a dictionary.他送了她幾本書,外加一本詞典。
It is a good book save for the last chapter.這是一個(gè)很好的書,除了最后一章。
What with drink and what with fright,he did not know much about the facts.什么喝什么恐懼,他不知道有關(guān)事實(shí)。
2.三詞介詞
at variance with和…不和,和…不符;
by force of adv.由于;迫于;通過(guò);以…手段;
by means of用,依靠;將;借助于;
by reason of adv.由于,因?yàn)椋?/p>
by way of路經(jīng);途經(jīng);作為;意在;
for fear of為了避免,害怕;
for lack of因…而沒(méi)有;
in addition to adv.除…之外;
on behalf of為了…的利益;代表…;
例句:
Harry achieved his aim by force of sheer determination.哈利達(dá)到他的目標(biāo)通過(guò)純粹的確定力。
In consequence of the shipwreck many families were in mourning.在許多家庭都在哀悼失事后果。
In point of composition,her letter does not seem defective.在點(diǎn)組成,她的信似乎沒(méi)有缺陷。
In defiance of the order to finish the work,Joe went away leaving half of it undone.在違抗命令來(lái)完成這項(xiàng)工作,喬就丟下它一半撤消。
In terms of sentence structure,legal sentences are,almost without exception,complex.在句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面,法律的句子,幾乎無(wú)一例外的,復(fù)雜的。
They were made to promise under pain of death never to enter the country again.他們答應(yīng)在死亡的痛苦永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)再次進(jìn)入該國(guó)。
It must be understood that this concession is made without prejudice to any future decision of the committee.它必須被理解,這一讓步不損害未來(lái)委員會(huì)的任何決定。
If he thought a thing was right,he should do it with regard to consequence.如果他認(rèn)為一件事是對(duì)的,他應(yīng)該考慮到后果做。
3.四詞介詞
at the expenses of在費(fèi)用
at the mercy of任…擺布,在…前毫無(wú)辦法
at the rate of以…速度;
for the benefit of為…的利益,為懲戒…;
for the sake of為了;
at the brink of在邊緣
on the ground of根據(jù)…,以…為理由;
例句:
The shipwrecked sailors were at the mercy of the wind and waves.遭遇海難的水手們?cè)陲L(fēng)浪擺布。
The boy was left in the care of his uncle.把孩子留給他的叔叔照管
In the event of an accident,the police must be called at once.在發(fā)生事故時(shí),警察必須調(diào)用一次。
The ship could scarcely hold her course in the teeth of the wind.該船幾乎在風(fēng)的牙齒咬住她的課程。
He declined the invitation on the ground of a previous engagement.他拒絕對(duì)之前的約會(huì)地邀請(qǐng)。
Incompetence on the part of a judge cannot but lead to miscarriage of justice.在一個(gè)法官不能部分的無(wú)能而導(dǎo)致誤判。
In the hall he found Roberts on the point of departure.在大廳里,他發(fā)現(xiàn)在出發(fā)點(diǎn)羅伯茨。
Such irresponsible conduct can only work to the prejudice of our cause.這種不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為只會(huì)對(duì)我們事業(yè)的偏見
On his return from the pacific coast,John stopped in Colorado with a view to some investment in silver mines.在他從太平洋沿岸的回報(bào),約翰停在科羅拉多州以銀礦山投資。
He is working hard now with an eye to the future.現(xiàn)在他努力工作著眼于未來(lái)。
With the exception of David Coleman all in the room were smoking.在房間里和戴維科爾曼都異常吸煙。
介詞詞組與某些限定分句的轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系
1.介詞詞組在意義上相當(dāng)于that-分句
Did anyone inform you of the change of the plans?有人告訴你計(jì)劃的改變?
Did anyone inform you that the plans had been changed?有沒(méi)有人告訴你,這個(gè)計(jì)劃已經(jīng)改變了嗎?
Are you sure about Simon’s disappearance?你對(duì)西蒙的失蹤嗎?
Are you sure that Simon has disappeared?你肯定西蒙已經(jīng)消失了?
The young man convinced everyone of his innocence.年輕人使大家確信他無(wú)罪。
The young man convinced everyone that he was innocent.年輕人讓大家相信他是無(wú)辜的
2.介詞詞組在意義上相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)分句
Because of his mistake several people died.由于他的錯(cuò)誤死了幾個(gè)人。
Because he made a mistake,several people died.因?yàn)樗噶艘粋€(gè)錯(cuò)誤,幾人死亡。
Despite the city’s many attractions,Johnny still preferred his cottage in t he country.盡管城市的許多景點(diǎn),約翰尼仍然優(yōu)先他的小屋in the country。
Although the city has many attractions,Johnny still preferred his cottage in the country.雖然城市有很多景點(diǎn),約翰尼仍然喜歡他的鄉(xiāng)下。
Within my knowledge,nothing like this has ever happened before.就我所知,從前沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)這樣的事情。
So far as I know,nothing like this has ever happened before.到目前為止我所知道的,這種事情以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)。
Without his sister’s money,Harry would never be a doctor.沒(méi)有他姐姐的錢,哈利將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)成為醫(yī)生
If it weren’t‘t for his sister’s money,Harry would never be a doctor.如果不是他妹妹的錢,哈利永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)成為一個(gè)醫(yī)生。
3.介詞詞組在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句
The man with a red beard is talking to Henry’s father.一個(gè)紅色的長(zhǎng)胡子的男人是亨利的爸爸說(shuō)話
The man who has a red beard is talking to Henry’s father.誰(shuí)有紅胡子和亨利的父親的人。
以上就是本次試驗(yàn)的所有內(nèi)容,接下來(lái)我將會(huì)就以上的翻譯結(jié)果做出自己的分析。就其總體翻譯質(zhì)量而言,百度在介詞翻譯這一章里的表現(xiàn)還是值得人夸獎(jiǎng)的------之所以這么說(shuō)是因?yàn)閺纳厦娴姆g文本來(lái)看至少對(duì)于介詞的處理沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)太多誤解或是錯(cuò)譯的,尤其是對(duì)于那些單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)的介詞詞組的處理確實(shí)讓人驚嘆不已,不管是基于統(tǒng)計(jì)還是基于數(shù)據(jù),它在這一點(diǎn)上都做得相當(dāng)完美,或者我們可以說(shuō)百度翻譯統(tǒng)計(jì)記憶庫(kù)對(duì)于介詞的處理(當(dāng)然這里的處理指的是儲(chǔ)備,分析以及識(shí)別)是相當(dāng)完善的。當(dāng)然,關(guān)于頗受爭(zhēng)議的在線翻譯恐怕我們也不能抱太過(guò)邊緣化的態(tài)度,從以上的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果來(lái)看還是存在漏洞的,下面我們來(lái)具體分析一下(當(dāng)然,基于實(shí)驗(yàn)范圍的限制,這里我只分析介詞這一塊,短期內(nèi)將忽視其他語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的處理)。
Ⅰ.整體完美
A.百度翻譯對(duì)于介詞的整體處理效果是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的。
B.百度翻譯對(duì)于單個(gè)介詞的處理是相當(dāng)完善的,它幾乎可以給出介詞詞組的所有意思,不管是雙詞介詞,三詞介詞,還是四詞介詞。(見P6)
Ⅱ.局部缺陷
A.有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)中英結(jié)合的譯文,這就給它的整體質(zhì)量打了大大的折扣。例如:
I’m indifferent to heat and cold. 我冷漠to熱與冷。
B.無(wú)法把握句子的中心意思,也就是說(shuō)無(wú)法正確處理不同介詞不同搭配所要表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確意思。例如:
Rose is alive to the feeling of shame.玫瑰是活著的羞恥感.
The cat is alive with lice. 貓是活的虱子。
C.將實(shí)義詞與介詞分開來(lái)譯,無(wú)法把握其引申義或比喻義。例如:
Jack was blind to his own fault. 杰克是盲人,他自己的過(guò)錯(cuò)。
He released her from her promise.他發(fā)表了她的承諾。
D.語(yǔ)序處理仍需作調(diào)整。例如:
we did it at your request.我們做它在您的請(qǐng)求。
綜上,就是本次試驗(yàn)所做的整體分析。我相信機(jī)器翻譯作為一個(gè)新生兒總有一天將成為新寵兒的。
我們期待計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯可以為所有英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者提供更多的便利,但我們的最終目標(biāo)將是讓更強(qiáng)大的翻譯軟件走進(jìn)翻譯界,走近譯員,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)呈現(xiàn)理想化的質(zhì)量上乘的譯本,而非如今似乎只限于與字符翻譯相差無(wú)幾的逐字階段!作為文化傳播者的載體,我們有責(zé)任向世界展示更多中國(guó)元素,更有義務(wù)讓我們的國(guó)家走在時(shí)代的前列,譯者就像使者,搭起的是交流的橋梁,而關(guān)鍵就在于我們所搭的橋通往文化最精辟的地方。譯員們不僅僅只是需要,更確切的說(shuō)是渴望與計(jì)算機(jī)攜手并進(jìn),提高效率,減少苦力實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義上的綠色翻譯,讓我們一起期待炎炎沙漠中的欣欣向榮!
張囡(1992.5~),女,陜西西安,陜西師范大學(xué),學(xué)歷(2014級(jí)碩士)研究方向:課程與教學(xué)論