從操縱式改寫視角看《穆斯林的葬禮》的英譯

趙貝西

（河南省開封市東京大道西段開封大學藝術設計學院 河南開封 475004）

從操縱式改寫視角看《穆斯林的葬禮》的英譯

趙貝西

（河南省開封市東京大道西段開封大學藝術設計學院 河南開封 475004）

本文通過研究《穆斯林的葬禮》英譯本，探討譯本中所體現的"操縱"式改寫策略。通過原文本和譯文本的對比，對譯者的幾種"操縱"式改寫策略逐一進行分析論證。最后，論文借鑒勒菲弗爾的"操縱"式翻譯理論，通過對作者，譯者生活的歷史背景，社會意識形態，詩學，贊助人等因素進行分析，探討對原文進行改寫的意圖和目的，以揭示出這一翻譯現象背后的深層原因，得出改寫是合適翻譯的結論。

《穆斯林的葬禮》 操控理論 改寫

1.Introduction to Mu Si Lin De Zang Li

Huo Da，a writer from the Hui nationality，is proficient in a variety of literary genres.The most famous work is the full-length novel Mu Si Lin De Zang Li，which makes her enjoy a good reputation both at home and abroad. The novel shows the long and arduous history of the whole Muslim in China and reflects the mentality of the whole nationality according to the description of one Muslim family.Since it was published，it has caused a strong social reaction.Many writers，critics，Muslim scholars and readers gave highly appreciation and fully affirmed about the novel.［1］

2.Introduction to Manipulation School and Rewriting Theory

Manipulation school theory is based on Even Zohar's polysystem and mainly aims to the literature translation.The first person who applied the manipulation theory into translation was Hermans.Then Andre Lefevere explained and developed the theory into a more systematic theory，which marked that manipulation school was formed formally.The manipulation school has had deep and profound influences on the translation study.［2］

In Andre Lefevere's theory，translation is a kind of rewriting and manipulation of the source text.It breaks through the traditional thought which regards the source text as the only standard.Andre Lefevere's manipulation generally refers to the translation，rewriting，criticism，edition and so on of the source text.Translation is a form of rewriting，a creation of source text.Literature criticism，biography，movie，drama，criticism and edition are all rewriting to some extend.In other words，translation creates the images of source text，the author and the source culture.All the rewriting，no matter what purpose it has，reflects certain ideology and poetics.［4］

Andre Lefevere studies the translation from the perspective of culture，emphasizes the functions of ideology，dominant poetics and other cultural elements.Translation must be manipulated by the cultural elements and serve the needs of certain ideology and poetics.So the three elements which exert influences on translation are ideology，poetics and patronage.

3.The Application of Manipulation Rewriting Theory in Translation of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li

3.1 Ideology

The“Ideology”here is not confined to political sphere but to refer to the grillwork of form，convention and beliefs，which orders our actions.The ideology plays an important role in translation process because it influences translator's basic translating strategies.Sometimes the translator does some rewritings only for ideological purpose.While analyzing and evaluating a translated work，it is important to take the ideological factors into consideration.

The translator was a mediator between the two distinct ideologies.On one hand，the translator should make the target readers understand the new thoughts and cultures of the source text.On the other hand，the translator must rewrite the original texts according to the target readers'expectation so as to make the translated version widely accepted.Therefore，between the two seemingly contradictory aspects，the translator must adopt some rewriting strategies in the translation.

Just like many other translators who were more concerned with ideology than poetics，the translator of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li rewrote many original ideological ideas that were unsuitable or even contradictory to the political and social needs.［5］

E.g.：

1.1962 年9月24日至27日，中國共產黨八屆十中全會在北京舉行。毛澤東主席在全會上做了重要講話，指出，整個社會主義歷史階段中，資產階級都將存在，并且還有資本主義復辟的危險。階級斗爭“必須年年講，月月講，天天講”。

The difference in political system is always the most sensitive topic between China and the western countries.The purpose of the translation of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li is to spread Chinese culture and make more foreigners interested in Chinese literature and Chinese culture.If there is much political sensitivity in the translation，the translation will definitely not be accepted by the target readers.It has been proved in details in 4.1.1 above.The translator may rewrite the source text for the political，historical and social purpose.［6］

3.2 Poetics

In Andre Lefevere's theory，Poetics is another factor to exert influences on the translator's strategies.The dominant poetics tends to exert an influence on the reception of literature，both original and translated works，in the receiving culture.In other words，it will be used as canon by the“professional”of the culture to decide what is in and what is out.Hence in order to have the work accepted，the translator has to conform to the dominant poetics of thetime in the receiving culture.

There is great difference in poetics between Chinese literature and western literature.Being a mediator between the two different poetics，the translator should make the translation in accordance with the dominant poetics in target culture.

萍萍一直站在門口，那門也一直沒有關上，抓住門框的手現在還抓著，她這樣的姿態像是在等著我立刻離開似的，我就說：“你是不是要我馬上就走？”

For instance，the addition and omission of the exuberant description of psychology and environment were for this purpose.

E.g.：

2.實際上，通過一系列的測試，她對新月的情況了如指掌，她那雙科學工作者的眼睛仿佛穿透肌膚看到了一切：由于二尖瓣狹窄逐漸加重，左心房壓力越來越大，繼續擴張和肥厚，超過了代償極限而使左心房功能衰竭，引起肺靜脈壓和肺毛細血管壓升高，肺毛細血管擴張、淤血，血漿和紅細胞滲入肺泡腔，造成肺水腫......這些，她能都告訴楚雁潮嗎？仁愛之心壓倒了科學家的冷峻，她現在希望楚雁潮和新月一樣，不要管前面是什么，只能頑強地、不顧一切地向前闖，協助醫生，和死神爭奪時間！

This is the psychological activity of the attending doctor of Xinyue，which is omitted by the translator for the purpose of poetics.The atmosphere of the translation in this part is very emotional and sentimental.The medical terms in the description are serious and strict，which does not conform to the mainline of this part even will destroy the emotional atmosphere.So the translator omitted it for the overall language style and literary atmosphere of the translation.

3.3 Patronage

In Andre Lefevere's theory，Patronage is third control factor manipulating the translation of literature works.Patronage is understood as“something like the power that can further or hinder the reading，writing and rewriting of literature”.It can be powerful individuals，groups，the media or some other powerful institutions.The translator's translating purpose must submit to the purpose of patronage.In the paper，the patronage of the translation of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li is the Chinese Literature Press which is a national level press. So the translators should take the translating demands and translating purpose of the press into consideration.

Lefevere shares the view that literature is one of the complex systems known as a culture.Culture is the environment of a literary system.There are interactions between the literary system and other systems.While ideology and poetics are constraints within the literary system，patronage exerts its influence from outside the system，guaranteeing that it doesn't go too far from other social systems.Ideology，poetics and patronage are together to exert influences on the translator's strategy.

4.Rewriting as Proper Translation

In the translation of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li，there are so many omissions，additions and alterations.Whether the rewriting strategies should be used or not is a hot issue in the field of translation study.In traditional translation studies，“faithful to the source text”is the most important and the only standard.Only the translation accords with the“faithful”principle，can it be a“right”translation.In the traditional translation theories，the translating method is source-oriented，prescriptive and at language level.But now with the theoretical support of Lefevere's manipulation theory，more and more scholars begin to study translation issues from wider perspectives，such as history，society，especially the culture.The translators describe all kinds of translation phenomena faithfully and try to find the deeper causes behind the translation phenomena.In Lefevere's manipulation theory，the translating method is descriptive，systematic，target-oriented and at cultural level，which affirms the value and“properness”of all the existed translations.In other words，there is no absolutely“right”translation.Compared with the“rightness”of the translation，the“properness”is more important.The standards of“proper”translation are：1.whether the translation attains the translation goal？2. Whether the translation can be accepted by the target readers and accord with the readers'expectation？As for this aspect，rewriting is a kind of“proper”translation.

By means of a comparative case study，this paper makes a criticism of Andre Lefevere's rewriting theory in the translation of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li. with the support of the manipulation rewriting translation theories，rewriting was based on some objective social，historical and political background and mainly influenced by cultural elements.In other words，it was determined by the ideology，patronage and poetics.Though the rewriting may have some disadvantages，there is no doubt that the rewriting strategies play an important role in the translation.

Bibliography

［1］Lefevere.A.Translation，History，and Culture：A Source Book［M］. London&New York：Routledge，1992

［2］Lefevere.A.Translation，Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame［M］.London&New York：Routledge，1992

［3］馬艷.宗教與悲劇——解析穆斯林的葬禮.青年文學家，2012（2）

［4］向仍東.勒菲弗爾翻譯改寫下的邊城英譯研究［D］：［碩士學位論文］.成都：西南財經大學，2011

［5］張文君.解讀安德烈勒菲弗爾的翻譯改寫理論.瓊州學院學報，2010（6）：115-117

［6］張曉娟.淺談勒菲弗爾操控理論的三大要素對翻譯的影響.西安社會科學，2010（8）：130-131

A Study on the English Translation of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li from the Perspective of Manipulation Rewriting

The paper is a study of the English translation of Mu Si Lin De Zang Li from the perspective of Andre Lefevere's manipulation theory.By way of a comparative study between the source text and the translated text，the author investigates the purpose and intention of the rewriting in the translation according to an analysis of the background of the author and the translator，social background of the source text and translated text to reveal the deeper causes behind the translation phenomenon from the aspects of ideology，poetics and patronage.

Mu Si Lin De Zang Li；Manipulation Theory；Rewriting