2014年9月18日,蘇格蘭政府舉行了一場(chǎng)全民公投,讓蘇格蘭人民決定是否從英國(guó)獨(dú)立出去。為了挽留蘇格蘭,英國(guó)首相卡梅倫發(fā)表了題為“Let’s Stick Together”的演說。2014年9月19日,蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投結(jié)果出爐,最終超過55%的選民反對(duì)獨(dú)立,不到45%的選民支持獨(dú)立,英國(guó)依舊保持完整統(tǒng)一。對(duì)此,英國(guó)首相卡梅倫發(fā)表了感言,他在開篇說道:“The people of Scotland have spoken. It is a clear result. They have kept our country of four nations together. Like millions of other people, I am delighted. As I said during the campaign, it would have broken my heart to see our United Kingdom come to an end.”(蘇格蘭人民做出了選擇,結(jié)果很明確,他們維護(hù)了我們國(guó)家四個(gè)民族的完整統(tǒng)一。同其他數(shù)百萬人一樣,我對(duì)此感到欣慰。我在此前的活動(dòng)中說過,如果我看到英國(guó)最終走向分裂,我會(huì)心碎的。)隨后他又說了下面這句話。
1. Just as the people of Scotland will have more power over their affairs, so it follows that the people of England, Wales and Northern Ireland must have a bigger say over theirs.
蘇格蘭人民對(duì)自己的事務(wù)將有更大的發(fā)言權(quán),那么,英格蘭、威爾士以及北愛爾蘭的人民對(duì)自己的事務(wù)也必將有更大的發(fā)言權(quán)。
我們看到,上面這句話中出現(xiàn)了“It follows that …”句型。這個(gè)句型表達(dá)什么含義?其中的that引導(dǎo)的從句屬于什么類型呢?這就是本期要討論的話題。
從邏輯語義角度來看,“It follows that …”這個(gè)句型的核心意思是表達(dá)一種邏輯結(jié)果(to be a logical result of something),是由某事推斷出的一種結(jié)果。因此,“It follows that”可以譯成“那么”“因此”“由此可知”“由此得出”“由此可斷定”等等。我們先來看一個(gè)最直觀的、簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)學(xué)推理造句。
2. If a = b and b = c, it follows that a = c.
如果a = b,且b = c,那么我們就可以得出a = c。
下面筆者再列舉一個(gè)例句,該例句論述了動(dòng)物是否有“動(dòng)物權(quán)”(animal rights)這個(gè)問題。
3. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights.
根據(jù)一種關(guān)于權(quán)利的觀點(diǎn),動(dòng)物必然是沒有權(quán)利的。有哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為,權(quán)利僅僅存在于社會(huì)契約當(dāng)中,作為責(zé)任和權(quán)益交換的一部分。因此,動(dòng)物不可能有權(quán)利。
我們看到,這里在“It follows that …”中添加了necessarily來強(qiáng)調(diào)推斷關(guān)系。
對(duì)于“It follows that …”,我們還可以在follow后面添加from構(gòu)成的介詞短語來表達(dá)“由……得出”這種推理關(guān)系。筆者稱之為“It follows from X that …”句型。比如,我們可以給例句3中含有“It follows that …”的那句話添加from this view。
4. It necessarily follows from this view that animals have none.
由這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)必然可以得出動(dòng)物是沒有權(quán)利的。
下面我們可以利用例句4來分析其中that從句的類型。或許有人會(huì)誤認(rèn)為這個(gè)that從句是賓語從句,充當(dāng)follow的賓語。如果是這樣的話,那么it指代什么呢?我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)it此時(shí)指代不明。因此,我們可以推斷出,這里的follow是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后不接賓語;而it是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的that從句。也就是說,這里的that從句是一個(gè)主語從句。因此,例句4可以還原成:“That animals have none necessarily follows from this view.”從還原后的句子能夠很清楚地看出,that從句為主語從句,而follow是不及物動(dòng)詞。
下面這個(gè)例句是在用英文討論時(shí)態(tài)問題,也采用了“It follows from X that …”句型,只不過用在了定語從句中。
5. He has lived in Beijing all his life.
a. Indicate a period inclusive of the present, from which it follows that he is still alive.
He lived in Beijing all his life.
b. Indicate a period exclusive of the present, so he must be dead.
例5中的a、b兩句是在解釋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)has lived以及一般過去時(shí)態(tài)lived與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語all his life連用時(shí)的語義差別。這里a句中的it是定語從句的形式主語,指代的是從句that he is still alive。對(duì)比a句和b句,我們可以看出,a句中的from which it follows that就相當(dāng)于b句中的so (因此,由此推出)。
下面再列舉一個(gè)談?wù)撜Z法問題的例句。
6. Grammar is a kind of sentence-making machine. It follows that the teaching of grammar offers the learner the means for potentially limitless linguistic creativity.
語法如同一種造句機(jī)器,這就意味著,教授語法可以為學(xué)習(xí)者提供一種途徑,讓他們擁有近乎無限的語言創(chuàng)造力。
在筆者看來,真正精通英語語法就是精通英語的思維邏輯,這必然是習(xí)得英語思維的捷徑(借用我們這里討論的句式,這句話可以譯成:“It necessarily follows that learning grammar is a shortcut to learning how to think in English.”)。遺憾的是,因?yàn)榉N種原因,我們很多人誤解了語法,認(rèn)為語法無用,認(rèn)為語法無需學(xué)。筆者希望自己的寫作能夠給大家?guī)フ_的語法認(rèn)知以及實(shí)用的語法知識(shí)。
在以上例句中,我們都是采用肯定形式“It follows that …”句型來談?wù)揦必然導(dǎo)致或得出Y結(jié)果。如果X不是必然得出Y結(jié)果,那么我們就可以采用否定結(jié)構(gòu)“It does not (necessarily) follow that …”來表達(dá)。下面列舉兩個(gè)例句供大家體會(huì)。
7. It doesn’t necessarily follow that you’re going to do well academically even if you’re highly intelligent.
即使你非常聰明,也不一定意味著你的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)就一定會(huì)優(yōu)秀。
8. Admittedly, bribery and corruption are endemic to our political and economic systems, but it doesn’t necessarily follow that all politicians and business people resort to illicit behavior.
誠(chéng)然,賄賂和腐敗在我們的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中普遍存在,但這并不一定是說所有的政府官員和商界人士都干違法勾當(dāng)。
綜上所述,關(guān)于follow的主語從句句型主要有下面幾種。
①It follows that …
②It follows from X that …
③It necessarily follows that …
④It does not (necessarily) follow that …