韓婧
摘 要:無(wú)論是在漢語(yǔ)還是英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)都起著非常重要的的作用,尤其是在英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)句的使用頻率更高。因此,掌握英漢被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特征和翻譯方法對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō)是相當(dāng)重要的。本文是以陳應(yīng)松的《母親》為語(yǔ)料庫(kù),重點(diǎn)研究英漢互譯中常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的原因,以求達(dá)到翻譯的“信達(dá)雅”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);英漢互譯;原因.
Abstract:In both Chinese and English,passive voice plays a very important role.Especially in English,the use of passive sentences is more often.Therefore,to master the characteristics of the passive voice and translation methods is very important for English learners.In this paper,with the“mother”of Chen should be loosed as the corpus,focuses on the reasons of using passive voice in translation,in order to reach the standard of“faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance”of the translation.
Key words:the passive voice;translation between English and Chinese;reasons.
英語(yǔ)常用被動(dòng)句,主要有以下幾方面的原因:
1、施事的原因
人們表達(dá)思想的時(shí)候,通常使用主動(dòng)句。但當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的施事(agent)由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明時(shí),英語(yǔ)往往采用被動(dòng)句:
(1)施事從上下文中可以不言自明,如《母親》中的:
They said patients should be sent to hospital for thrombosis as soon as possible.
就說(shuō)要趕快趕到醫(yī)院去溶栓。
(2)施事不如受事重要,或受事需要強(qiáng)調(diào),如《母親》中的:
媽被攙扶著,后來(lái)竟不要他們攙扶了。
She was held in arm at first,and then dropped little brothers hand to walk by her.
(3)由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事,如為了使敘述顯得圓通、得體,或?yàn)榱吮磉_(dá)某種微妙的情緒(tact or delicacy of sentiment),例如《母親》中的:
她忽然一陣發(fā)冷。這么想時(shí)她感到心里一下子被人抽去了溫度,世界寒意襲人。
Suddenly she felt her back chilly.At such a thought she felt she was robbed of her temperature,and the world was so cold.
2、句法的要求
英語(yǔ)重形合,注重句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)形式。當(dāng)主動(dòng)式不便于表達(dá)時(shí),出于造句的需要或修辭的考慮,往往采用被動(dòng)式:
(1)為了使句子承上啟下、前后連貫、便于銜接,如《母親》中的:
好些次差點(diǎn)被虎狼吃了,被泥石流埋了,被山洪卷走了,被摔下懸崖了。
For several times,I am almost eaten by tigers or wolves or buried by mud-rock flow,or taken away by flood or fall down from the crag.
(2)為了使句子保持末端重量(end-weight)和句尾開(kāi)放(right-branching),以符合主句簡(jiǎn)短、謂語(yǔ)復(fù)雜的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,如:
I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.
他準(zhǔn)備給我一份工作,這使我大吃一驚。……