“因體讀文”，是學(xué)生打開英語閱讀之門的鑰匙

【摘要】培養(yǎng)初中學(xué)生英語閱讀能力是英語教學(xué)的重要任務(wù)與目標(biāo)。但從一線教學(xué)實踐來看，初中三年下來，很多學(xué)生的英語閱讀能力并沒有得到多大的提高。究其原因，很重要的一點是對幾種常見的文體概念、特點模糊，沒有學(xué)會通過抓住文體特點這把鑰匙來打開閱讀理解的大門，面對不同文體閱讀，采用一成不變的籠統(tǒng)的閱讀方法，忽視了不同文體的表達(dá)方式和語言特點，其結(jié)果是閱讀抓不著要領(lǐng)，一知半解，由此學(xué)生的閱讀能力可想而知。筆者通過長期的教學(xué)實踐，總結(jié)出“因體讀文”是快速獲取文章信息和準(zhǔn)確理解作者觀點、態(tài)度和寫作意圖的關(guān)鍵，“因體讀文”，是學(xué)生打開英語閱讀之門的鑰匙，是培養(yǎng)初中學(xué)生英語良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，提升閱讀能力的重要途徑

【關(guān)鍵詞】閱讀教學(xué) 因體讀文 讀法研究

《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（2011年版）明確指出，“能識別不同文體的特征，能讀懂供7-9年級學(xué)生閱讀的簡單讀物和報刊、雜志，克服生詞障礙，理解大意”。 顯然，課標(biāo)也十分重視通過不同文體的不同特點，來引導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀不同文本，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力。基于這點認(rèn)識，本文在教學(xué)實踐中，抓住初中英語閱讀理解文章中常見的三種文體：記敘文、說明文和應(yīng)用文的特點，因體讀文。針對各種文體的文章特點，研究學(xué)生相應(yīng)的閱讀方法、閱讀方式和思維習(xí)慣，探討“因體讀文”的閱讀策略，最終達(dá)到提升學(xué)生閱讀能力的目標(biāo)。

一、記敘文的文體式閱讀策略

在記敘文這種文體中，作者往往是先交代整個事件的主要人物、事件發(fā)生的地點和結(jié)果，然后記述事件所發(fā)生的過程，最后記述事件對主人公的影響或人們對它的評價。

作者寫人記事，抒情狀物必定有其特定的目的，即文章的中心思想：或抒發(fā)某種情感，或闡述某種觀點，然后利用某種順序，交代事情的起因、經(jīng)過、結(jié)果。我們在閱讀時要抓住相應(yīng)的文體要素和相關(guān)的重要細(xì)節(jié)去理解文章內(nèi)容，去領(lǐng)會作者的意圖，例如：

I worked for a short time as a cashier（出納員） at a restaurant a few months ago. I also helped to clean up the tables when it was very busy. One night， just before Christmas， I found a large black wallet on the floor near one of the tables. I guessed I should check it to find out who was the owner， but I was very busy at the time. And I imagined that if there was something valuable in the wallet， the owner would be back.

An hour later， a man came up to the counter and asked if anyone had found a wallet. I asked him to describe the lost wallet， and after he described it exactly， I give him the wallet. He expressed his thanks when I handed it to him. He asked me if I had opened it， and when I told him “no”. At once he opened it and showed that it had nearly$800 in cash（現(xiàn)金）. He took out a twenty-dollar bill and handed it to me and I was amazed at this. “A reward（酬勞） for your honesty.” He said and then turned and walked away.

Thinking about it later， I began wondering whether I would have been honest if I had known what was in the wallet！ I thought that if I had no way to find the owner and no one returned to get it， I might keep it. But it also came into my mind that I actually saved someones Christmas plans by finding and returning the wallet. The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy.

解析：故事采用順敘的敘事方法，主要情節(jié)發(fā)展如下：One night， just before Christmas， I found a large black wallet / but I was very busy all the time， and I had no time to check it / An hour later， a man came up to the counter to find his wallet / He took out a twenty-dollar bill and handed it to me as a reward（酬勞） for my honesty. /The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy.

作者用第一人稱講述自己親身經(jīng)歷的這段故事，讓人覺得親切可信，同時也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。作者說自己通過這段故事學(xué)會了The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy.

我們在閱讀時要抓住記敘文的文體要素和相關(guān)的重要細(xì)節(jié)去理解文章內(nèi)容，例如：

57.Why didnt the author open and check the wallet？

A .Because he wanted to own the wallet.

B .Because he was too worried to open it.

C .Because his boss got the wallet.

D. Because he was very busy all the time..，

注意到第一段but I was very busy at the time. And I imagined that if there was something valuable in the wallet， the owner would be back. 這個細(xì)節(jié)。可知選D

我們在閱讀記敘文時要從重要細(xì)節(jié)去理解文章內(nèi)容，去領(lǐng)會作者的意圖，例如

60.The passage is mainly about .

A. one night before Christmas B. a twenty-dollar bill

C. someones Christmas plans D. a story about honest

很多學(xué)生在做類似題時只會看到問題的表面，選A或C.要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生抓住細(xì)節(jié)領(lǐng)會作者的意圖，再注意到這個句子“A reward（酬勞） for your honesty.” He said and then turned and walked away. But it also came into my mind that I actually saved someones Christmas plans by finding and returning the wallet. The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy. 可知選D

二、說明文的文體式閱讀策略

說明文這種文體特點，是以介紹事物的特征為主。作者往往也是按照一定的順序，運用不同的說明方法，對事物的特點從不同的角度對其進(jìn)行介紹，或解釋其外形、功能、性質(zhì)、或闡釋其某種成因、原理、規(guī)律、本質(zhì)等內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。 有時還會在文末交代結(jié)果或發(fā)出希望號召、提議等。

而初中英語尤其是初三英語對說明文的考查通常為史地、科普或文化類的文章，文章多使用解釋性、定義性、說明性的句子，因此閱讀說明文的關(guān)鍵是：要抓住事物的特點，弄清文章的寫作順序和段落結(jié)構(gòu)層次，分析作者在介紹事物中運用的說明方法及其作用，獲取信息，把握文意，理解文本。例如：

Shirt that is a mobile phone

Clothes can make phone calls， play music， dial your friends number， keep you warm during cold weather， and operate your computer.

This is not a fantasy. A British company， called electro textiles， has created an amazing range of clothes—clothes that have a mind of their own！ Scientists， working for the company， have invented a kind of fabric（布料）that can be mixed with flexible（柔韌的）electronic materials to create intelligent（智能的）clothing. The result is electronic garments（電子衣）.

The electro textiles team has also created the worlds first cloth keyboard. This keyboard can be sewn into your trousers or skirt. To use this device， you will have to sit down and tap on your lap！ These “l(fā)aptap” devices are all set to take over laptop computers！

Another useful garment is the shirt-cum（附帶）mobile phone. This handy invention enables drivers to chat comfortably with others at the wheel！ Other popular electronic wears include the denim（牛仔衣）jacket with flexible earphones sewn into the hoop（兜帽）and the electronic ski jacket with a built-in heater. The ski jacket is also programmed to send signals to a satellite. This technology is known as global positioning system and can be used to track lost skiers and wandering kids.

作者簡介：徐曦（1971.11），女，福建省平潭一中一級教師

Having completed the cloth keyboard， scientists have already started to work on a new project—a necktie that can be used as a computer mouse. What is the next？ Do you have any ideas？

解析：這篇文章說明electronic garments（電子衣），抓住了它的五個功能，工作原理就抓住了它的本質(zhì)特點，第3、4自然段是理解的重點，這種新型的電子衣有五種功能：一、帶鍵盤 二、打電話 三、播放音樂 四、保溫 五、全球定位功能。了解了這個電子衣的功能、原理就讀懂了這篇文章，再來做下面的題：

68.How many kinds of electronic garments has the electro textiles team created？

A.three B.four C.five D.six

解析：根據(jù)文章第3、4兩段，再依據(jù)文章第一句開頭：“Clothes can make phone calls play music，dial your friends number，keep you warm during cold weather and operate your computer.可知答案為D。

70.It can be inferred that the writers attitude towards the company is .

A.doubtful B.optimistic（樂觀的） C.negative（消極的） D.casual（隨便的）

解析：從文章的最后一個自然段Having completed the cloth keyboard， scientists have already started to work on a new project—a necktie that can be used as a computer mouse. What is the next？ Do you have any ideas？可知答案是B.

三、應(yīng)用文的文體式閱讀策略

對于應(yīng)用文，不同于一般普通的文章。應(yīng)用文措辭簡潔明了、直截了當(dāng)。應(yīng)用文是一種使用范圍比較廣泛的文體，像廣告、書信、工具或玩具說明書、公司party的宣傳海報，簡明新聞等都屬于應(yīng)用文。它們的目的是為了向讀者傳輸信息。在閱讀這類文章中主要是注意細(xì)節(jié)信息，一定要找到題干在文章中的信息源，再把原文信息與選項進(jìn)行比較。做題時，根據(jù)所提問問題可以采用尋讀，跳讀的方法，可以先讀試題，了解考點后，快速從文中捕捉信息。

讀應(yīng)用文的關(guān)鍵是：抓信息、抓作者的寫作意圖和目的，例如：

Where can you see a giraffe or an elephant without taking a trip to Africa？ At a zoo， of course. Zoos give people a chance to see animals from all over the world. But the following zoos offer more than just a chance to see animals.

Singapore Zoo

At Singapore Zoo， you can enjoy breakfast while a family of orangutans（猩猩）sits nearby One night， just before Christmas， I found a large and enjoys theirs. A zookeeper tells you about each member of the family. You can also learn how the zoo cares for its animals.

The Philadelphia Zoo

The Philadelphia Zoo in New York City has about 4000 animals and it works to save wild animals. If you want to sleep with animals， you can visit the zoo. And children of 1 to 11 years old can have a great birthday party at the zoo.Families are allowed to make camp on the zoo grounds and meet some amazing animals.

Taronga Zoo

Taronga zoo in Sydney ，Australia， offers special animal visits. Visitors can see a koala close， feed a giraffe and so on. Taronga Zoo also offers a “Keeper for a Day” activity for anyone over 18 years old. People help collect food for animals， do some cleaning and learn about animal care. They can have a good understanding of a zookeepers job.