馮波 盧矯陽 鄭民華
·青年專家論壇·
腹腔鏡主導下個體化肛提肌切除的APE術
馮波 盧矯陽 鄭民華

馮波 醫學博士,畢業于上海交通大學醫學院,任瑞金醫院普外科、上海市微創外科臨床醫學中心副主任醫師,碩士研究生導師。主要從事胃腸腫瘤的早期診斷與微創手術關鍵技術研究。任中國醫師協會肛腸醫師分會委員,中國醫師協會外科醫師分會結直腸外科醫師委員會委員,中國抗癌協會大腸癌專業委員會腹腔鏡學組委員兼秘書,中國抗癌協會大腸癌專業委員會青年委員,海峽兩岸醫藥衛生交流協會腫瘤防治專家委員會胃腫瘤專業學組常務委員,上海抗癌協會腫瘤微創治療委員會腹腔鏡外科學組副組長,上海市醫學會外科分會微創外科學組秘書,華東地區微創外科醫師聯盟執行委員兼秘書長,《中華結直腸疾病電子雜志》通訊編委。獨立承擔國家自然科學基金項目、上海市衛生局重點項目與上海市科委重點項目,并入選上海交通大學晨星計劃。曾獲教育部科技進步一等獎,上海市科技進步一等獎,上海市醫學科技獎一等獎以及中華醫學獎二等獎(第三完成人),上海交通大學九龍獎。2009赴美國Cornell大學醫學院附屬New York Presbyterian醫院結直腸外科任訪問學者。
對于低位直腸癌的手術治療,傳統腹會陰部聯合切除術存在穿孔率和環周切緣陽性率高的問題,預后較差。肛提肌外腹會陰聯合切除術通過擴大切除帶來的腫瘤學獲益仍有爭議,且該手術創傷大,并發癥發生率較高。本文回顧兩項手術發展歷史,評價相關循證醫學證據,并提出一種腹腔鏡主導下的腹會陰聯合切除術。該手術在腹腔鏡直視下經盆腔途徑個體化切除肛提肌,將其最大程度保留用于盆底重建;將手術匯合平面降至坐骨直腸窩脂肪,簡化會陰部操作;并具備腹腔鏡手術操作精細,利于盆部自主神經保護的傳統優點,是一種值得在實踐中進一步完善推廣的新術式。
腹腔鏡; 直腸腫瘤; 外科手術
傳統腹會陰部聯合切除術治療低位直腸癌,存在穿孔率和環周切緣陽性率高的問題,預后較差。肛提肌外腹會陰聯合切除術通過擴大切除帶來的腫瘤學獲益仍有爭議。本文提出腹腔鏡主導下的腹會陰聯合切除術:腹腔鏡直視下經盆腔途徑個體化切除肛提肌,簡化會陰部操作,利于盆自主神經保護,是一種值得在實踐中進一步完善推廣的新術式。
早在1908年,英國倫敦外科醫生Miles在Lancet雜志上提出了腹會陰聯合切除術(abdominal-perineal exision,APE)用于手術治療直腸癌和末端結腸癌[1]。該論文中所描述的APE,其腹部操作采用鈍性分離的方法游離下端結腸和直腸至前列腺,骶尾關節和“肛提肌上方的兩側”,在充分游離直腸并行乙狀結腸造口后,將病人翻轉至右側臥位行會陰部操作;Miles強調,為最大范圍清除可能沿兩側途徑播散的腫瘤,肛提肌的切除應當盡量靠近盆側壁;為此,傳統的APE將肛提肌,坐骨直腸窩脂肪和肛周皮膚一并切除,是一種創傷較大的手術。
在隨后的半個世紀,Miles手術都是直腸癌手術治療的“金標準”。至20世紀中葉,由于吻合器技術的發展,前切除術(Anterior resection,AR)和低位前切除術(low AR,LAR)開始逐漸應用于切除中高位直腸腫瘤;而低位直腸癌治療仍沿用傳統APE術式[2-6]。1982年,Heald等提出全直腸系膜切除術(total mesorectal excision,TME),即利用盆腔筋膜臟層和壁層之間的天然解剖平面完整切除腫瘤和包繞腫瘤的直腸系膜,從而避免腫瘤在系膜內播散造成的復發[7-8]。該方法適用于未侵出直腸系膜的的中低位直腸癌,文獻報道可將腫瘤局部復發率降至10%以下,同時患者5年生存率可達70%[9-11]。除腫瘤學優勢外,TME顯著提高了中低位直腸癌手術保肛的比例,并利于保護患者的泌尿生殖功能,從而使患者獲得更好的術后生存質量。
TME原則的成功使之成為近十幾年該領域外科醫生手術技能培訓的重點,特別是其核心部分,即直視下銳性分離直腸系膜的操作也成為了AR手術和APE手術中腹部操作的“標準方法”,但APE的會陰部操作并未進行相應改進。目前所按照TME原則施行的APE手術,都是先行直腸系膜分離,但未至其末段裸區,隨后行會陰部肛門外括約肌和肛提肌切除,腹會陰匯合平面一般在肛提肌裂孔外側1 cm左右。
在解剖上,直腸系膜向下成錐形縮窄至末段裸區,外科醫生為貫徹TME原則常過多的將直腸系膜從肛提肌上分離下來,從而導致術后標本在距肛緣3~5 cm處形成狹窄的“外科腰”,而傳統截石位下,APE的會陰部操作視線不清,空間狹小,常常采用鈍性分離的方法,操作不精細。因而,外科腰處成為APE手術穿孔和環周切緣(circumferential resection margin,CRM)陽性率的高發區[12]。外國學者通過對Dutch TME trial中的846例AR手術標本和373例APE手術標本分析發現,AR和APE的穿孔率分別為2.5%和13.7%,而CRM(+)率分別為10.7%和30.4%,由此,APE手術較高的穿孔率與切緣陽性率為其安全性埋下隱患[13]。
近年來,多個歐洲國家針對直腸癌的手術治療進行了臨床試驗,證實同樣按照TME原則進行的AR和APE手術,后者的腫瘤復發率和病人生存率均劣于前者,APE手術穿孔率和切緣陽性比例明顯高于AR[11,13-17],且穿孔與切緣陽性與不良預后直接相關,是不良預后的獨立危險因素,而APE術式本身也成為低位直腸癌復發的的危險因素[18-19](表1)。
針對上述問題,2007年,瑞典外科醫生Holm提出了一種改良的APE術式,即肛提肌外腹會陰聯合直腸切除術(extralevator abdominoperinealexcision,ELAPE)。該方法的腹部操作未將直腸系膜從肛提肌上分離下來,而是將病人翻轉至折刀位,通過會陰途徑完整切除包繞直腸系膜的肛提肌,將腹會陰手術的匯合平面上升至肛提肌起點處[20]。該方法切除的手術標本由于有肛提肌包繞而成柱狀,可避免外科腰的形成,從而在理論上降低術中穿孔和切緣陽性率。

表1 APE和AR的腫瘤學效果對比表(%)
從病理解剖角度看,早期對Dutch TME臨床試驗手術標本研究發現,約1/3的手術APE手術標本切緣位于固有肌層以內,甚至直接穿孔進入腸腔。而ELAPE增加了擴大切除標本的橫截面,進而增加了手術切緣距離直腸固有肌層的距離,保證了切緣腫瘤細胞陰性[13]。有趣的是,ELAPE的會陰部操作與最早Miles術式的會陰操作有類似之處,即都要求切除全部的肛提肌,只是ELAPE的會陰部操作只需沿肛門外括約肌和肛提肌上行,無需切除過多的坐骨直腸窩間的脂肪組織。
Holm進一步提出,傳統APE預后不良的原因在于會陰部操作未能標準化,并以ELAPE為基礎提出了經括約肌間APE(intersphincteric APE)和坐骨肛管間APE(ischio-rectal APE)。前者適用于外括約肌無明顯受累,術后預計肛門功能不佳,低位吻合口瘺發生風險較大的病人;后者則適用于腫瘤累及坐骨直腸窩脂肪組織的病人。而ELAPE則廣泛適用于T2~T4期低位直腸癌,包括LAR和APE難以獲得陰性切緣者[12]。
ELAPE自創立之日起就飽受爭議,主要圍繞在其是否有確切腫瘤學優勢以及擴大切除帶來的創傷上。誠然,對一項新的手術方式的最終評價有待于嚴格設計的前瞻性隨機對照臨床試驗,但該等級證據的獲得仍需時日。對于ELAPE相對APE的短期和長期療效問題,既往的小規模回顧性研究結果由于存在病人入組偏倚,評價指標定義不清等問題結論各不相同,研究間異質性較大[11,13,20-26]。而在最近一年發表的兩項分別來自瑞典和丹麥的大規模前瞻性臨床研究和一項來自西班牙的大規模病例對照研究[27-29](表2)的結果則表明:ELAPE相對APE在穿孔率,切緣陽性率和生存復發方面無差別甚至劣于APE。但分析上述研究數據發現,不同研究單位引起的偏倚較大,如APE的穿孔率從4%~11%不等,而切緣陽性率則從7%~28%不等,ELAPE的穿孔率則在2%~7.7%,切緣陽性率在13.6%~29%間不等;亦即從數據看來,相比手術方式的不同,手術單位的不同成為了手術結果的最大影響因素。Holm在2014年初的一篇筆談中認為,針對APE和ELAPE的研究,應明確兩種手術的具體操作方法,而不能僅進行粗略的分類。有趣的是,早在2011年,梅奧團隊回顧分析本單位所行的655例直腸癌手術后發現,APE與AR在復發和5年DFS上無顯著差別,并認為規范操作的APE療效與AR類似[30]。由此可見,低位直腸癌手術,包括腹部和會陰部手術操作的規范化對于手術效果,病人預后和相關臨床試驗的證據強度有較大影響,成為操縱臨床實驗數據的“看不見的手”。

表2 最新APE與ELAPE手術短期與長期效果比較表(%)
除腫瘤學意義的爭議外,ELAPE擴大切除也被認為會損傷盆壁神經,不必要的切除了過多的坐骨直腸窩脂肪組織,從而加重盆底關閉困難并引發術后一些特有并發癥,如盆底疝等[31]。但近年幾項針對ELAPE術后短期效果的臨床試驗結論不一,有試驗結果表明ELAPE與APE在術后并發癥,包括膿腫、瘺、破裂等方面的發生率與APE并無統計學差異[20-24,27-29]。實際上,與前述情況類似,不同手術單位的技術水平,規范化程度,盆底修補的方法等都會造成并發癥發生率的差異;現在評定ELAPE的功與過還為時尚早。
與手術切除范圍變化同步進行的是切除方式的變化。尤其是以腹腔鏡為代表的微創外科技術,其在腫瘤學上與開腹手術的等效性和術后短期療效的優越性已得到國際大規模臨床實驗的證實[32-35]。在短期效果上,腹腔鏡結直腸手術疼痛輕,切口小,愈合快,恢復快的優勢已得到公認。在長期療效上,國際CLASSIC和COLOR臨床試驗為腹腔鏡直腸癌根治術的腫瘤學安全性提供了循證醫學的I級證據(表3)。在技術上,腹腔鏡所需操作空間小,手術視野放大,在低位直腸癌根治術中操作更加靈活,也更有利于盆腔血管和自主神經的保護。

表3 腹腔鏡與開腹直腸癌遠期療效RCT研究比較表(I級證據)
我們看到,低位直腸癌根治術的發展是在對解剖認識的深入和新技術發展的驅動下,在腫瘤安全性和創傷最小化之間尋找平衡的過程。由于對直腸癌轉移方向和筋膜解剖的研究,低位直腸癌手術從Miles術范圍縮小到傳統APE術,再至TME原則下的APE術,并通過腹腔鏡達到更為微創精細的手術效果。而手術范圍的一再縮小引發的腫瘤學安全原則的擔憂又促使了ELAPE等試圖重新擴大切除范圍而保證安全的術式的誕生,而ELAPE在發展之路上又飽受擴大切除的并發癥所困擾。因此,如何既保證安全,又減少創傷,成為目前低位直腸癌手術的關鍵問題。為此,我們提出了腹腔鏡主導下個體化肛提肌切除的概念。(laparoscopic-dominant abdominoperineal resection with personalized levator ani resection,LDAPR)。
近年,美國的Marecik團隊和我國的池畔團隊發表論文,分別利用手術機器人和腹腔鏡行經盆腔途徑的ELAPE[36-37]。該方法可在腹部操作中經盆腔切斷肛提肌并繼續向下銳性分離,將腹會陰手術交匯平面降至坐骨直腸窩脂肪。該方法既可以實現腹腔鏡直視下的個體化肛提肌切除,避免外科腰的形成;又可簡化會陰部操作,無需變換體位,縮短手術時間;同時,在直腸前方,用腹腔鏡操作代替會陰部操作,有利于保護精囊腺下方以及Deconvilliers筋膜處自主神經以及前列腺兩側的血管神經束,而會陰部操作的簡化與切除范圍的縮小則有利于盆側壁血管神經的保護[38-40]。
我們認為,這種經盆腔途徑的ELAPE方法完全可以推廣至傳統的APE。其腹腔鏡主導的手術模式的核心在于精細的微創操作和個體化水平的完整切除,通過合理的擴大切除范圍保證腫瘤學的安全性。研究顯示:ELAPE更適用于T4期腫瘤侵犯外括約肌和肛提肌者,特別是位于兩側和后壁的腫瘤。現有證據表明:不加選擇的應用ELAPE不能改善整體預后,其負面結果,如神經損傷,盆底疝反被凸顯。早期腫瘤應用ELAPE“得不償失”,而APE又有缺陷。可否利用ELAPE的腫瘤學原理,改良APE,以期在腫瘤學安全性和手術創傷性中取得平衡?經盆腔途徑在腹腔鏡直視下個體化切除肛提肌(LCAPR),將匯合平面降至坐骨直腸窩脂肪,術中無需變換體位。這樣,將APE的切除范圍合理擴大,腹腔鏡直視下個體化切除肛提肌,既保證足夠切緣,避免穿孔,又保留足夠肛提肌用以盆底重建;腹腔鏡直視下精細操作,可確切保護直腸前壁和盆腔側壁的血管和神經,降低腹盆會師平面;簡化盆部操作,無需變化體位,縮短手術時間。如腫瘤位于肛提肌裂孔水平及以上:患側切除足夠肛提肌,健側可沿holy plane多分離,保留更多的肛提肌用于盆底重建。用于T3或T2期腫瘤分化程度差,預計保肛手術肛門功能差者;如腫瘤位于肛提肌裂孔以下:兩側均無需過多切除肛提肌,僅沿兩側恥骨直腸肌切除肛提肌,保留更多的提肛肌用于盆底重建。
綜上,隨著對直腸前側間隙與血管神經束解剖研究的不斷深入及高清腹腔鏡下直腸解剖技術的更加精準,腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術對盆自主神經保護已經非常確切。如何進一步簡化經會陰途徑的操作達到提肛肌的精準切除是亟待解決的重要問題。因此,LCAPR不僅可以精準保護盆自主神經,而且可以簡化經會陰途徑的提肛肌切除操作,有望成為一種微創時代腹會陰聯合切除的新手術方式。
[ 1 ] Miles WE. A method of performing abdomino-perineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon (1908). CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 1971, 21(6):361-364.
[ 2 ] Collins DC. End-results of the Miles? combined abdominoperineal resection versus the segmental anterior resection. A 25-year postoperative follow-up in 301 patients. American journal of proctology, 1963, 14: 258-261.
[ 3 ] Fick TE, Baeten CG, von Meyenfeldt MF, et al. Recurrence and survival after abdominoperineal and low anterior resection for rectal cancer, without adjunctive therapy. European journal of surgical oncology: the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology, 1990, 16(2):105-108.
[ 4 ] Groves RA, Harrison RC. Carcinoma of the rectum and lower sigmoid colon:abdominoperineal or anterior resection? Canadian journal of surgery Journal canadien de chirurgie, 1962, 5: 393-403.
[ 5 ] Slanetz CA, Herter FP, Grinnell RS. Anterior resection versus abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. An analysis of 524 cases. American journal of surgery, 1972, 123(1):110-117.
[ 6 ] Vandertoll DJ, Beahrs OH. Carcinoma of rectum and low sigmoid;Evaluation of anterior resection of 1, 766 favorable lesions. Archives of surgery, 1965, 90: 793-798.
[ 7 ] Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery--the clue to pelvic recurrence? The British journal of surgery, 1982, 69(10): 613-616.
[ 8 ] MacFarlane JK, Ryall RD, Heald RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet, 1993, 341: 457-460.
[ 9 ] Wibe A, Moller B, Norstein J, et al. A national strategic change in treatment policy for rectal cancer-implementation of total mesorectal excision as routine treatment in Norway. A national audit. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2002, 45(7): 857-866.
[ 10 ] Martling AL, Holm T, Rutqvist LE, et al. Effect of a surgical training programme on outcome of rectal cancer in the County of Stockholm. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group, Basingstoke Bowel Cancer Research Project. Lancet, 2000, 356(9224): 93-96.
[ 11 ] Wibe A, Syse A, Andersen E, et al. Oncological outcomes after total mesorectal excision for cure for cancer of the lower rectum: anterior vs. abdominoperineal resection. Diseases of the colon and rectum,2004, 47(1): 48-58.
[ 12 ] Holm T. Controversies in abdominoperineal excision. Surgical oncology clinics of North America, 2014, 23(1): 93-111.
[ 13 ] Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJ, Marijnen CA, et al. Low rectal cancer:a call for a change of approach in abdominoperineal resection. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2005, 23(36): 9257-9264.
[ 14 ] Marr R, Birbeck K, Garvican J, et al. The modern abdominoperineal excision: the next challenge after total mesorectal excision. Annals of surgery, 2005, 242(1): 74-82.
[ 15 ] den Dulk M, Putter H, Collette L, et al. The abdominoperineal resection itself is associated with an adverse outcome: the European experience based on a pooled analysis of five European randomised clinical trials on rectal cancer. European journal of cancer (Oxford,England: 1990), 2009, 45(7): 1175-1183.
[ 16 ] Law WL, Chu KW. Abdominoperineal resection is associated with poor oncological outcome. The British journal of surgery, 2004,91(11): 1493-1499.
[ 17 ] Heald RJ, Smedh RK, Kald A, et al. Abdominoperineal excision of the rectum--an endangered operation. Norman Nigro Lectureship. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 1997, 40(7): 747-751.
[ 18 ] Eriksen MT, Wibe A, Syse A, et al. Inadvertent perforation during rectal cancer resection in Norway. The British journal of surgery,2004, 91(2): 210-216.
[ 19 ] den Dulk M, Marijnen CA, Putter H, et al. Risk factors for adverse outcome in patients with rectal cancer treated with an abdominoperineal resection in the total mesorectal excision trial. Annals of surgery, 2007, 246(1): 83-90.
[ 20 ] Holm T, Ljung A, Haggmark T, et al. Extended abdominoperineal resection with gluteus maximus flap reconstruction of the pelvic foor for rectal cancer. The British journal of surgery, 2007, 94(2):232-238.
[ 21 ] West NP, Anderin C, Smith KJ, et al. Multicentre experience with extralevator abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer. The British journal of surgery, 2010, 97(4): 588-599.
[ 22 ] Bebenek M. Abdominosacral amputation of the rectum for low rectal cancers: ten years of experience. Annals of surgical oncology, 2009,16(8): 2211-2217.
[ 23 ] Anderin C, Martling A, Hellborg H, et al. A population-based study on outcome in relation to the type of resection in low rectal cancer. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2010, 53(5): 753-760.
[ 24 ] Messenger DE, Cohen Z, Kirsch R, et al. Favorable pathologic and long-term outcomes from the conventional approach to abdominoperineal resection. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2011,54(7): 793-802.
[ 25 ] Bulow S, Christensen IJ, Iversen LH, et al. Intra-operative perforation is an important predictor of local recurrence and impaired survival after abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer. Colorectal disease:the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, 2011, 13(11):1256-1264.
[ 26 ] Krishna A, Rickard MJ, Keshava A, et al. A comparison of published rates of resection margin involvement and intra-operative perforation between standard and ′cylindrical′ abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer. Colorectal disease:the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, 2013,15(1): 57-65.
[ 27 ] Ortiz H, Ciga MA, Armendariz P, et al. Multicentre propensity score-matched analysis of conventional versus extendedabdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer. The British journal of surgery, 2014, 101(7): 874-882.
[ 28 ] Klein M, Fischer A, Rosenberg J, et al. Extralevatory abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) does not result in reduced rate of tumor perforation or rate of positive circumferential resection margin: a nationwide database study. Annals of surgery, 2015, 261:933-938.
[ 29 ] Prytz M, Angenete E, Bock D, et al. Extralevator abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer-extensive surgery to be used with discretion based on 3-year local recurrence results: a registry-based,observational national cohort study. Annals of surgery, 2015.
[ 30 ] Mathis KL, Larson DW, Dozois EJ, et al. Outcomes following surgery without radiotherapy for rectal cancer. The British journal of surgery, 2012, 99: 137-143.
[ 31 ] Rosenberg J, Fischer A, Haglind E. Current controversies in colorectal surgery: the way to resolve uncertainty and move forward. Colorectal disease: the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, 2012, 14(3): 266-269.
[ 32 ] Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. The New England journal of medicine, 2004, 350(20): 2050-2059.
[ 33 ] Jayne DG, Guillou PJ, Thorpe H, et al. Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3-year results of the UK MRC CLASICC Trial Group. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2007, 25(21): 3061-3068.
[ 34 ] Lacy AM, Delgado S, Castells A, et al. The long-term results of a randomized clinical trial of laparoscopy-assisted versus open surgery for colon cancer. Annals of surgery, 2008, 248(1): 1-7.
[ 35 ] Buunen M, Veldkamp R, Hop WC, et al. Survival after laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: long-term outcome of a randomised clinical trial. The Lancet Oncology, 2009, 10(1):44-52.
[ 36 ] Marecik SJ, Zawadzki M, Desouza AL, et al. Robotic cylindrical abdominoperineal resection with transabdominal levator transection. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2011, 54(10): 1320-1325.
[ 37 ] Chi P, Chen ZF, Lin HM, et al. Laparoscopic extralevator abdominoperineal resection for rectal carcinoma with transabdominal levator transection. Annals of surgical oncology, 2013, 20(5):1560-1566.
[ 38 ] Stelzner S, Holm T, Moran BJ, et al. Deep pelvic anatomy revisited for a description of crucial steps in extralevator abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2011,54(8): 947-957.
[ 39 ] Acar HI, Kuzu MA. Perineal and pelvic anatomy of extralevator abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer:cadaveric dissection. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2011, 54(9): 1179-1183.
[ 40 ] Lange MM, van de Velde CJ. Urinary and sexual dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment. Nature reviews Urology, 2011, 8(1): 51-57.
(本文編輯:楊明)
馮波, 盧矯陽, 鄭民華. 腹腔鏡主導下個體化肛提肌切除的APE術[J/CD].中華結直腸疾病電子雜志, 2015, 4(6):607-612.
Laparoscopic-cotrolled abdominaoperineal excision with individualized levator muscle transection
Feng Bo, Lu Jiaoyang, Zheng Minhua.Depatment of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
Corresponding author: Zheng Minhua, Email: zmhtiger@yeah.net
In the field of surgical treatment for low rectal cancer, the traditional abdominoperineal excision (APE) do not benefit much from the total mesorectal excision (TME) prinple, but is trapped by theso-called ?surgical waist? and associated oncological inferiorities. The safety of a more radical procedure,the extralevator abdominoperineal resection (ELAPR) is still under debate. Owing to the advancement of laparoscopic techniques, we developed a laparoscopy-cotrolled APE (LCAPE) procedure for stage I-III patients. During the procedure, a controlled incision of levators into the ischiorectal fat was performed transabdominally under direct vision; the meeting plane is therefore lowered and the perineal dissection simplified without changing body position. This laparoscopic guided technique has innate advantages in neurovascular preservation, and offers individualized transection of levator muscles, minimizes the risk of wound complications and prevents surgical waist to ensure oncological safety.
Laparoscopes; Rectal neoplasms; Surgical procedures, operative
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2015.06.07
2011上海市科委重點項目(11411950700);國家高技術研究發展計劃(863項目)(2012AA021103);2012上海市衛生局重點項目(20130423);2013上海交通大學晨星計劃B類;2013上海交通大學醫工交叉面上項目(YG2013MS26);2013上海市衛生系統先進適宜技術推廣項目(2013SY010)
200025 上海交通大學醫學院附屬瑞金醫院普外科 上海市微創外科臨床醫學中心
鄭民華,Email:zmhtiger@yeah.net
(2015-10-15)