趙軍,徐磊,張瑜,馮全勝
急性切口痛大鼠血漿及上消化道胃動素表達的變化
趙軍1,徐磊2△,張瑜3,馮全勝2
目的觀察急性切口痛大鼠血漿、胃體及十二指腸胃動素(MTL)水平的變化。方法SPF級健康雄性SD大鼠156只,6~8周齡,體質量180~220 g,采用隨機數字表法將其分為2組(n=78):對照組(C組)和切口痛組(P組)。P組行右足跖肌切口。2組先隨機各取6只大鼠,于術前24 h(T0)、術后1 h(T1)、6 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)、72 h(T5)測定機械縮足閾值(PWMT)與熱縮足反射潛伏期(PWTL)。并于上述每個時點,2組分別取12只大鼠,斷頭處死,提取血漿、胃體及十二指腸組織,采用ELISA法測定MTL水平。結果與C組比較,P組T1~T4時PWMT降低,PWTL縮短,血漿、胃體MTL水平降低,而十二指腸MTL水平升高(P<0.05),T0、T5時差異無統計學意義;P組血漿MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL呈正相關(r分別為0.952、0.879,P<0.01),P組胃體MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL呈正相關性(r分別為0.970、0.931,P<0.01);十二指腸MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL呈負相關性(r分別為-0.991、-0.975,P<0.01)。結論急性切口痛可使大鼠血漿、胃體MTL水平降低,而使十二指腸MTL水平升高。
促胃動素;胃;十二指腸;血漿;急性切口痛
術后急性痛可引發嚴重胃腸功能紊亂,影響患者預后[1]。胃動素(motilin,MTL)由腸嗜鉻細胞分泌,主要分布在胃、十二指腸、空腸及血漿,于消化間期呈周期性釋放,在胃腸動力調控中發揮重要作用[2-3],其表達主要受迷走神經下游的膽堿能神經及非腎上腺非膽堿能神經通路調控[4]。研究顯示,急性切口痛抑制胃體MTL表達,降低胃動力,但其對外周其他部位MTL表達水平的動態影響尚鮮見報道[5]。本研究擬觀察切口痛大鼠血漿、胃體、十二指腸MTL水平的動態變化,為臨床嚴重胃腸功能紊亂的外周機制研究及治療提供依據。
1.1實驗動物SPF級健康雄性SD大鼠156只,6~8周齡,體質量180~220 g,購自天津實驗動物中心,每籠5只飼養,自然照明,自由攝食、飲水。
1.2實驗分組采用隨機數字表法將其分為2組(n=78):對照組(control group,C組)和切口痛組(incisional pain group,P組)。
1.3疼痛模型建立參照文獻[6]方法制備切口痛模型。吸入七氟醚麻醉后右足底近端0.5 cm處向趾部做一長約1 cm切口,切開皮膚筋膜,用眼科鑷挑起足底跖肌并縱向切割,但保持肌肉起止及附著完整,皮膚縫合,切口以青霉素藥液沖洗。
1.4檢測方法及觀察指標2組先隨機各取6只大鼠,于術前24 h(T0)、術后1 h(T1)、6 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)、72 h (T5)測定機械縮足閾值(PWMT)與熱縮足反射潛伏期(PWTL)。C組、P組剩余大鼠于上述每個時點分別取12只大鼠斷頭處死,取胃體、十二指腸組織并經下腔靜脈抽取血樣,采用ELISA法測定MTL水平。
1.4.1PWMT將一透明有機玻璃箱(22 cm×22 cm×12 cm)置于30 cm高的金屬篩網(1 cm×1 cm)上,待大鼠在箱中適應30 min后,采用電子von Frey纖維絲(IITC公司,美國),垂直刺激大鼠雙側后足與附近第3、4趾間皮膚,每次持續4~6 s。大鼠出現抬足或舔足行為視為陽性反應,并記錄此時的刺激強度,每次間隔15 s以上,共刺激5次,計算其平均值為PWMT。
1.4.2PWTL將有機玻璃箱置于3 mm厚玻璃板上,大鼠放入箱內,使其自由活動30 min以適應測試環境和溫度。室溫穩定在24~26℃。采用Model 390 Heated Base熱痛刺激儀(IITC公司,美國)照射大鼠足底緊貼玻璃板部位,具體部位同PWMT測定部位。記錄照射開始至大鼠出現抬足或舔足時間,照射時間不超過20 s,以防止組織損傷。測定5次,間隔至少5 min,取后3次刺激的平均值為PWTL。
1.5MTL水平測定 (1)血MTL。開腹,經下腔靜脈采集血樣2 mL,置于含30 μL10%EDTA二鈉和40 μL抑肽酶(2萬U/mL)試管中混勻,4℃離心20 min。取血漿,置-20℃保存。采用ELISA法測定MTL水平,ELISA試劑盒購自上海藍基生物科技有限公司。(2)胃體、十二指腸MTL。胃體、十二指腸黏膜組織分別稱質量,置于含1 mL濃度為0.2 mol/L的醋酸溶液勻漿器中勻漿。沸水煮沸10 min,4℃、3 500 r/min離心半徑13.5 cm,離心10 min。取上清放入試管中冰凍、干燥、濃縮后PBS等容,待測液-80℃保存,采用ELISA法測定MTL水平,ELISA試劑盒購自上海藍基生物科技有限公司。
1.6統計學方法采用SPSS 17.0統計學軟件進行分析,計量資料以均數±標準差(±s)表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,組內比較采用配對t檢驗,相關分析采用Pearson法,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1機械痛閾值比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時PWMT降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時差異無統計學意義;P組PWMT T1時降低,T3~T5時逐漸升高(P<0.05),見表1。
Tab.1 Comparison of PWMT variation at different time points between two groups表1 2組大鼠各時點PWMT的比較(n=6,g,±s)

Tab.1 Comparison of PWMT variation at different time points between two groups表1 2組大鼠各時點PWMT的比較(n=6,g,±s)
*P<0.05,**P<0.01;t1為組間比較,t2為組內與前一時點比較;表2~5同
T0T1t2T2t2組別C組P組2.026 35.259**0.793 2.298 t1 42±7 40±3 0.757 45±7 21±4 14.367**43±7 18±6 11.985**t2 T3T4t2T5t2組別C組P組 t1 43±5 25±8 10.821**0.932 5.657**44±5 30±9 5.902**2.038 2.828*43±7 42±5 0.519 0.711 6.445*
2.2熱輻射痛閾值比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時PWTL降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時差異無統計學意義;P組PWTL T1時降低,T3時較T1、T2升高(P<0.05),T3~T5時逐漸升高(P<0.05),見表2。
Tab.2 Comparison of PWTL variation at different time points between two groups表2 2組大鼠各時點PWTL的比較(n=6,g,±s)

Tab.2 Comparison of PWTL variation at different time points between two groups表2 2組大鼠各時點PWTL的比較(n=6,g,±s)
T1 T0t2T2t2組別C組P組0.286 5.443**0.091 0.091 t1 11.3±5.3 11.8±5.1 0.213 11.7±2.1 6.2±2.1 6.753**11.6±4.2 5.9±2.7 9.051**組別C組P組T3t2T4t2T5t22.431 3.181*12.5±7.3 9.7±3.2 8.925**12.9±3.9 8.3±3.7 7.656**0.088 3.208*0.069 2.723*t1 12.1±3.4 11.3±4.1 0.427
2.3血漿MTL水平比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時血漿MTL水平降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時差異無統計學意義;P組MTL T1時降低,T3~T5時逐漸升高(P<0.05),見表3。
Tab.3 Comparison of plasma levels of MTL at different time points between two groups表3 2組大鼠各時點血漿MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

Tab.3 Comparison of plasma levels of MTL at different time points between two groups表3 2組大鼠各時點血漿MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)
T0T1t2T2t2組別C組P組0.300 18.465**0.232 0.432 t1 239±17 239±14 0.745 236±11 144±12 18.835**239±6 146±20 20.246**T3t2T4t2T5t2組別C組P組0.09 3.479*1.462 9.830**0.399 10.126**t1 241±5 189±23 10.978**235±7 205±21 10.449**239±11 244±17 0.032
2.4胃體MTL水平比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時胃體MTL水平降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時差異無統計學意義;P組MTL T1時降低,T3~T5時逐漸升高(P<0.05),見表4。
Tab.4 Comparison of MTL levels in gastric body at different time points between two groups表4 2組大鼠各時點胃體MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

Tab.4 Comparison of MTL levels in gastric body at different time points between two groups表4 2組大鼠各時點胃體MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)
T0T1t2T2t2組別C組P組t1 511±12 516±11 0.745 509±7 236±9 64.816**1.287 337.000**505±9 221±15 40.076**0.952 0.268 T4 T3t2t2T5t2組別C組P組1.521 14.439**0.932 5.246**1.352 30.042**t1 513±10 274±12 30.041**516±9 300±7 37.785**503±13 487±13 0.595
2.5十二指腸MTL水平比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時十二指腸MTL水平升高(P<0.05),T0、T5時差異無統計學意義;P組MTL T1時升高,T3~T5時逐漸降低(P<0.05),見表5。
Tab.5 Comparison of MTL levels in duodenum at different time points between two groups表5 2組大鼠各時點十二指腸MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

Tab.5 Comparison of MTL levels in duodenum at different time points between two groups表5 2組大鼠各時點十二指腸MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)
組別C組P組T0T1t2T2t20.893 5.876**230±10 327±13 11.488**233±6 231±9 0.931 0.945 31.096**t1 226±7 361±21 7.595**組別C組P組T3t2T4t2T5t21.021 13.900**231±15 283±19 7.061**236±11 309±16 8.537**0.871 5.376**1.058 15.637**t1 227±13 229±15 0.158
2.6相關性分析P組血漿MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL均呈正相關(r分別為0.952、0.879,P<0.05),胃體MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL均呈正相關(r分別為0.970、0.931,P<0.01),十二指腸MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL均呈負相關(r分別為-0.991、-0.975,P<0.01)。
MTL為腦腸肽,其與胃動素受體(MTLR)結合激活下游MLCK信號通路,引起胃腸道平滑肌收縮,從而增加胃腸動力[7]。研究發現,胃輕癱患者血漿MTL水平顯著降低,靜脈給予MTL后癥狀明顯改善,而腸易激綜合征大鼠血漿MTL表達顯著升高,這提示胃腸動力狀態與血漿MTL表達存在正相關[8-9]。以往研究顯示,手術可導致全胃腸道蠕動下降,甚至誘發麻痹性腸梗阻[10]。但本研究結果顯示,急性切口痛對外周水平MTL表達的影響趨勢存在差異,可抑制血漿、胃體MTL表達,降低胃動力,而增加十二指腸MTL表達,升高十二指腸動力,表明其對不同部位胃腸道MTL的影響存在顯著差異,這提示胃腸道可能存在多種機制參與急性痛對MTL的調控。傷害性刺激誘發炎癥反應,通過神經反射及炎癥因子作用產生急性疼痛、興奮交感神經,進而抑制迷走神經,其下游膽堿能神經通路及非腎上腺非膽堿能神經通路受到抑制,前者主要支配胃部MTL表達,其興奮可促使胃部腸嗜鉻細胞分泌MTL增加,后者在十二指腸MTL調控發揮主要作用,抑制該部位腸嗜鉻細胞分泌MTL,當該神經受到抑制后,可使該部位分泌MTL增加。而由于消化道多數部位受膽堿能神經支配,因而外周整體MTL分泌下降,進入血液循環中的MTL濃度下降,引起血漿MTL表達降低。
本研究結果還顯示,血漿、胃體MTL水平與PWMT和PWTL各對應時點均呈正相關;而十二指腸MTL水平與PWMT和PWTL各對應時點均呈負相關;急性疼痛的程度與交感神經興奮程度呈正相關,這提示術后急性痛可能通過交感-迷走神經的興奮程度來影響血漿、胃體、十二指腸MTL的表達。
臨床工作中,危重癥(如膿毒癥)患者常出現胃輕癱[11]及腹瀉并存等胃腸功能紊亂癥狀,甚至出現胃腸功能衰竭[12],導致菌群失調,腹壓升高,胃腸道黏膜缺血缺氧,出現嚴重營養障礙,甚至導致死亡。本研究結果顯示疼痛導致MTL在不同胃腸道部位的表達存在差異,可能為危重癥患者胃腸功能紊亂的機制研究提供新的思路。臨床上長期缺乏可靠的評估胃腸功能狀態的實驗室檢查。本研究結果顯示,急性痛對胃體與血漿MTL表達的影響趨勢一致,而十二指腸與血漿MTL的表達趨勢相反。是否可用血漿MTL來評估胃及十二指腸動力狀態,需要進一步驗證。
本研究僅對胃、十二指腸MTL表達進行了觀察,而食管、小腸、結直腸等其他消化道情況尚不清楚,同時,沒有對胃腸道動力的實際狀態進行實時監測,這提示有必要進一步全面深入研究,掌握急性疼痛及嚴重創傷、炎癥等刺激對全消化道的影響,為臨床胃腸功能衰竭的機制研究及治療提供依據。
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(2014-09-25收稿2014-11-10修回)
(本文編輯李國琪)
Changes of motilin concentrations in plasma and upper gastrointestinal tract in rat model of acute incisional pain
ZHAO Jun1,XU Lei2△,ZHANG Yu3,FENG Quansheng2
1 The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300170,China;2 Department of Critical Care Medicine,the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin;3 Department of Anesthesiology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital
△Corresponding AuthorE-mail:nokia007008@163.com
ObjectiveTo observe changes of motilin(MTL)levels in gastric body,duodenum and plasma in rat model of acute incisional pain.MethodsA total of 156 healthy male adult SD rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into two groups:control group(group C,n=78)and incisional pain group(group P,n=78),Rats in P group received incision on the right plantaris.Values of paw withdrawal mechanical threshold(PWMT)and paw withdrawal thermal latency(PWTL)at different time points of 24 hours before operation(T0)and 1 hour(T1),6 hours(T2),24 hours(T3),48 hours(T4)and 72 hours(T5)after operation were measured in six rats chosen randomly from each group.Twelve rats were chosen from each group at T0-5,and sacrificed.The MTL levels in plasma,the mucosal tissues of gastric body and duodenum were detected by ELISA.ResultsCompared with group C,PWMT and PWTL were significantly decreased at T1-4in group P.The MTL levels were significantly decreased in plasma and gastric body(P<0.05).The MTL level was significantly increased at T1-4in duodenum (P<0.05),and no significant changes were found at T0and T5in P group(P>0.05).The plasma MTL levels were positively correlated with PWMT and PWTL(r=0.952,r=0.879,respectively,P<0.01)in P group.The MTL levels in gastric body were positively correlated with PWMT and PWTL(r=0.970,r=0.931,respectively,P<0.01)in P group.The MTL levels were negatively correlated with PWMT and PWTL(r=-0.991,r=-0.975,respectively,P<0.01)in duodenum in P group.ConclusionThe MTL levels in plasma and gastric body are decreased in rat model of acute incisional pain,and increased in duodenum.
motilin;stomach;duodenum;plasma;acute incisional pain
R614
ADOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.03.011
天津市衛生局科技基金資助項目(2012KY03)
1天津醫科大學三中心臨床學院(郵編300170);2天津市第三中心醫院重癥醫學科、天津市人工細胞重點實驗室;3天津醫科大學附屬腫瘤醫院麻醉科
趙軍(1979),男,碩士在讀,主要從事急性疼痛及胃腸動力基礎研究
△E-mail:nokia007008@163.com