陳 穎,柏自松,2,朱 彥,張 鵬
·綜述·
細胞膜色譜技術及其在中藥活性成分篩選和安全性評價中的應用*
陳穎1,柏自松1,2,朱彥1,張鵬1
(1.天津中醫藥大學,天津市現代中藥重點實驗室,天津 300193;2.天津國際生物醫藥聯合研究院,天津 300457)
細胞膜色譜法是一種可在體外模仿藥物與靶點相互作用的生物色譜方法,目前已經廣泛應用于活性成分的篩選中。通過概述細胞膜色譜技術的發展過程,詳細總結了細胞膜色譜法用于中藥活性成分篩選及安全性評價過程中所針對的疾病、靶點及涉及的細胞類型、中藥和化學成分類型,并探討其在應用過程中的局限性。
細胞膜色譜;中藥;活性篩選;安全性評價
細胞膜色譜法(CMC)是一種將液相色譜、細胞生物學與受體藥理學相結合而形成的一種可在體外模仿藥物與靶點相互作用的生物色譜方法。CMC不但可以高通量地從復雜體系中篩選目標化合物,還可研究藥物與受體之間的親和力。應用CMC對中藥進行藥效物質基礎研究時,無需分離得到純品即可快速、高效、簡捷的完成活性成分的篩選,因此CMC被廣泛應用于中藥藥效物質基礎研究中。CMC提供了一種新的從中藥中尋找先導化合物的途徑,拓展了色譜技術的活性識別功能,具有極大的發展潛力。綜合目前CMC的研究現狀,本文概述了CMC技術的發展過程,綜述了該法在中藥活性成分篩選及安全性評價中的應用現狀,并探討其在應用過程中的局限性。
1.1概念提出與方法建立1989年,Wainer建立了受體親合色譜法,但受體經過脫膜純化、鍵合反應之后結構及活性都容易發生變化,為了最大限度地保持受體分子的立體結構和生物活性,CMC應運而生。1996年,賀浪沖教授在全國生物醫藥色譜大會上首次報道了CMC的研究成果。該方法首先將細胞膜與活化硅膠結合制成細胞膜固定相(CMSP),然后采用液相色譜研究藥物與細胞膜上受體的相互作用[1]。在CMC初建的幾年,研究者著重研究了CMSP的微觀特性和CMC的色譜性質,通過掃描電鏡和表面能譜儀測試CMSP,證明細胞膜緊緊固定在二氧化硅的表面上,并通過活性測定證明CMSP上的酶活性在一定時間內相對穩定,可以進行篩選實驗[2-3]。
1.2中藥有效部位篩選及受體親和力研究2000年開始,CMC開始用于中藥篩選。早期細胞膜來源通常為動物的組織細胞。研究者利用受體在動物不同組織細胞中表達的差異性來建立針對不同靶點的CMC,篩選和驗證了一些能與膜靶點結合的中藥有效部位,所篩選的藥材包括當歸[4]、淫羊藿[5]、紅毛七[6]、太白花[7]、菟絲子[8]等。但是篩選出來的保留成分并沒有采用高效的分析手段進行定性分析,因此沒有對保留成分進行結構鑒定。在這一階段,研究者也開始研究藥物與受體的親和作用,例如張延妮等[9]研究川芎中4種化學成分與心肌細胞膜受體的作用,Yuan等[10]利用CMC測定藥物與毒蕈堿受體之間的親和力。
1.3中藥有效成分的快速發現與結構鑒定隨著對CMC基礎研究的深入和應用領域的擴大,賀浪沖研究團隊對原方法進行了“升級”。由于動物組織細胞膜上的“目標”受體表達數量有限、不可控,甚至低表達,使得CMSP表面膜受體不均勻,限制了對配體識別的靈敏性和選擇性,因此賀浪沖研究團隊開始構建單一靶點高表達的細胞[11],并在之后的實驗中用于中藥藥效物質基礎研究與評價。由于高表達細胞提高了CMSP表面膜受體的均勻性,使得CMC具有更高的特異性和選擇性,能夠更好的進行分析。為了鑒定與膜受體結合化學成分的結構,研究者開始收集保留組分,將CMC同液相色譜/質譜(LC/MS)或氣相色譜/質譜(GC/MS)聯用,構成二維系統,提高了CMC的定性功能。Wang等[12]將CMC與高效液相色譜/質譜(HPLC/MS)在線聯用,從紅毛七中篩選并鑒定了作用于α1A腎上腺素受體(AR)的木蘭花堿和紅毛新堿。2015年,Li等[13]采用填充吸附微量萃取富集樣品,再通過GC/MS對揮發性CMC保留成分進行結構鑒定。這兩種聯用模式是目前CMC在中藥活性成分篩選中的主流應用模式。
近年來,CMC用于中藥活性成分的篩選主要針對的疾病涵蓋了腫瘤、心血管疾病、糖尿病、炎癥反應、前列腺增生、過敏反應,涉及到包括表皮生長因子受體在內的12種靶點。同時CMC也應用于中藥注射劑的安全性評價。下面將詳細闡述CMC用于中藥活性成分篩選及中藥注射劑安全性評價過程中所針對的疾病、靶點及涉及的細胞類型、中藥和化學成分類型,見表1。
2.1抗腫瘤活性成分的篩選
2.1.1基于表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)的活性篩選 EGFR在多種人惡性腫瘤細胞中高表達。有研究采用人皮膚鱗癌細胞A431的CMC與HPLC/MS在線聯用系統分別從紅毛七、苦參中識別并鑒定了可與EGFR相互作用的生物堿活性成分[14-15]。Hou等[16]利用A431/ CMC結合反相液相色譜,同樣也從紅毛七中篩選出了生物堿活性成分。Chen等[17]采用人肝癌細胞HepG2的CMC與飛行時間質譜法(TOF/MS)在線聯用系統,從關黃柏中篩選出作用于EGFR的小檗堿和延胡索乙素。在轉染人胚腎細胞HEK293/EGFR的CMC系統建立后,馬錢子[18]、獨活[19]、虎杖[20]、丹參[21]、黃芩[22]、姜黃[23]、細辛[24]中作用于EGFR的成分相繼被篩選并鑒定。
2.1.2基于血管內皮生長因子受體2(VEGFR 2)的活性篩選VEGFR 2在卵巢癌、甲狀腺癌等中過度表達,在惡性腸癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等腫瘤中的表達水平也高于非腫瘤組織。Li等[25]采用人臍靜脈內皮細胞ECV304的CMC篩選出紅毛七總生物堿為保留組分,并通過四甲基偶氮唑藍比色法驗證出紅毛七總生物堿具有抑制血管內皮細胞增殖的作用。Li等[26]利用高表達VEGFR 2的HEK293細胞建立CMC系統,與LC/MS在線聯用后從烏頭中鑒定出作用于VEGFR 2的烏頭堿、中烏頭堿和次烏頭堿。

表1 CMC在中藥領域中的應用
2.1.3基于成纖維細胞生長因子受體4(FGFR 4)的活性篩選FGFR 4信號通路的激活與腫瘤細胞的增殖、生長,侵襲和轉移具有重要作用。Zhang等[27]建立了一種用于識別—篩選—鑒定FGFR 4結合成分的二維在線聯用系統。在考察了FGFR 4/CMCHPLC/MS系統的特異性、重現性與可靠性后,并成功地從白芥子中篩選出作用于FGFR 4的芥子堿。
2.1.4基于雌激素受體(ER)的活性篩選ER與胃、肝等多種惡性腫瘤及子宮頸癌、乳腺癌的發病密切相關。有研究利用高表達ERα36的人乳腺癌細胞MDA-MB-231建立CMC系統,與HPLC/MS在線聯用后,從厚樸中篩選出厚樸酚與和厚樸酚[28],從吳茱萸中篩選出吳茱萸堿及吳茱萸次堿[29]。
2.2抗心血管疾病活性成分的篩選
2.2.1基于β1AR的活性篩選β1AR主要分布于心肌,臨床上常使用β1AR受體阻滯劑治療心肌缺血、心肌梗死以及慢性心臟衰竭等疾病。Yue等[30]利用高表達β1AR的中國倉鼠卵巢細胞CHO-S建立CMC系統,從羌活中篩選出作用于β1AR的異歐前胡素。
2.2.2基于腫瘤壞死因子CD40的活性篩選腫瘤壞死因子CD40在動脈粥樣硬化的發病過程中起關鍵作用。林蓉等[31]利用高表達CD40的ECV304細胞建立CMC系統,從丹參中篩選并鑒定出作用于CD40的丹參酮ⅡA、丹參酮ⅠA和丹參素。這種CMC為抗動脈粥樣硬化藥物的篩選提供了一種新的途徑。
2.2.3基于L-型鈣通道的活性篩選L-型鈣通道主要存在于血管平滑肌和心肌細胞膜上,與心血管疾病密切相關。Yang等[32]使用心肌細胞CMC配合離線LC/MS,從五味子和南五味子中篩選出了鈣離子拮抗劑去氧五味子素及五味子酯甲。Hou等[33]使用大鼠胸主動脈血管平滑肌細胞CMC配合離線GC/MS,分別從白芷、羌活和北沙參中篩選出作用于L-型鈣通道的歐前胡素,從蛇床子中篩選出作用于L-型鈣通道的蛇床子素。同樣,胸主動脈血管平滑肌細胞的CMC系統也從五味子和南五味子中篩選出去氧五味子素及五味子酯甲[34]。
2.2.4基于糖基化終產物受體(RAGE)的活性篩選RAGE在糖尿病血管并發癥的發生發展中發揮重要作用。Liu等[35]利用人臍靜脈血管內皮細胞HUVEC的CMC從姜黃中篩選與RAGE結合的成分,經高效液相色譜-電噴霧質譜(HPLC-ESI-MS)鑒定,該成分為去甲氧基姜黃素。
2.3抗糖尿病活性成分的篩選胰島β細胞膜上分布著磺酰脲受體(SUR),當磺酰脲藥物和SUR結合后,可促進胰島素釋放。Tang等[36]利用CMC的原理,首次將小鼠胰島細胞與毛細管結合,制成細胞膜毛細管色譜固定相,從黃連中篩選出作用于SUR的小檗堿。
2.4抗炎活性成分的篩選Toll樣受體4(TLR4)是天然免疫系統識別病原微生物的主要受體。Li等[37]建立白細胞CMC系統,從白術中篩選出作用于TLR4的白術內酯I。Li等[38-39]分別將GC/MS、LC/MS與腹腔巨噬細胞的CMC聯用,從魚腥草中篩選出作用于TLR4的揮發性成分甲基壬基甲酮,從四葉細辛中篩選出作用于TLR4的異秦皮素。
2.5抗前列腺增生活性成分的篩選良性前列腺增生是老年男性的常見病,而α1AAR是治療這一疾病的靶點之一。有研究利用大鼠前列腺細胞的CMC分別從蓮子心、鉤藤、仙鶴草中篩選出作用于α1AAR的保留成分,并分別通過在線的LC/MS鑒定出蓮心堿、異鉤藤堿、仙鶴草內酯[40-42]。另有研究利用高表達α1AAR的HEK293細胞建立α1AAR CMC系統,從紅毛七、胡椒及雞血藤中篩選出作用于α1AAR的生物堿及黃酮類成分[43-45]。
2.6抗過敏活性成分的篩選免疫球蛋白E(IgE)參與Ⅰ型超敏反應,與IgE高親和力受體FcεRI結合引起肥大細胞脫顆粒并釋放炎性介質。Huang等[46]利用大鼠嗜堿性粒細胞性白血病細胞RBL-2H3建立CMC系統,從胡椒中篩選出作用于FcεRI受體的保留成分,并采用在線HPLC/MS鑒定出該保留成分為胡椒堿。Han等[47]利用同樣的系統從紅花中篩選出抗過敏成分羥基紅花黃色素A。
2.7藥物安全性評價
2.7.1基于IgE高親和力受體FcεRI的篩選Han等[48]將RBL-2H3/CMC與LC/MS聯用來構建一個在線二維分析系統,鑒定雙黃連注射液中潛在的致敏成分為黃芩苷。
2.7.2基于組胺1型受體(H1R)的活性篩選Guo等[49]構建了高表達H1R的HEK293細胞系,并應用H1R/CMC-HPLC/MS在線二維液相系統從魚金注射液中篩選出作用于H1R的魚腥草素,經一系列藥理實驗表明,魚腥草素為H1受體激動劑。
綜合目前CMC的研究現狀,作為一種從復雜的中藥體系中篩選活性成分的方法,CMC方法有著巨大的優勢,但CMC也存在一定的局限性。CMC技術是分析化學和分子生物學交叉形成的一種集高效篩選、評價和結構鑒定于一體的色譜技術,只要是可以和細胞膜上靶點特異性結合的藥物都可以利用CMC技術去篩選,但是該技術無法分辨此藥物與細胞膜上的靶點作用的類型,因此要確定結合成分的真正藥理作用,必須結合藥理實驗研究。而且CMC在進行中藥活性成分的篩選時,由于中藥成分含量不等且CMC柱上靶點的活性會隨著使用逐漸降低,因此無法大規模的通過此法制備篩選出來的成分,也無法對篩選出來的成分進行進一步的藥理實驗,通常只能利用此法篩選并鑒定已知的化學成分并進行相關藥理實驗的驗證。
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Cell membrane chromatography and application of it in screening active components and security evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine
CHEN Ying1,BAI Zi-song1,2,ZHU Yan1,ZHANG Peng1
(1.Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China;2.Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine,Tianjin 300457,China)
Cell membrane chromatography(CMC),which imitates interaction of drug and target in vitro,has been widely used for screening active components.This paper reviewed the development process of CMC technology,as well as summarized the diseases,targets,cell types,tradional Chinese medicine types and chemical composition types involved in the past screening research.Also we discussed the limitation of CMC in the application field.
cell membrane chromatography;traditional Chinese medicine;activity screening;security evaluation
R284
A
1673-9043(2015)06-0373-06
10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2015.12.15
國家自然科學基金青年項目(81303183,81274128)。
陳穎(1989-),女,碩士研究生,主要從事藥物分析學研究。
張鵬,E-mail:zhp8270@sina.com.cn。
(2015-07-15)