劉艷芝
摘 要: 我們學習英漢成語的目的不僅僅在于認識這些成語或者知道它們的意思,更重要的是要在實際情境中領悟其深刻內涵并正確地運用。如果要實現這個目標,作者認為在學習過程中一定要了解英漢成語的修辭特征、修辭功能及它們所蘊含的美學價值。
關鍵詞: 英漢成語 修辭功能 美學價值
成語,是語言中璀璨奪目的明珠,不僅可見于文學作品,而且經常應用于日常言談之中。英語和漢語都含有大量成語,它們形式簡潔意思精辟,使語言更加凝練,更具有表現力。筆者試圖從廣義方面分析其修辭特征、功能與美學價值。
一、英漢成語常見的幾大修辭特征
1.明喻(simile),is a figure of speech,which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. 例如:
光陰似箭 如魚得水
味同嚼蠟 冷若冰霜
as cool as cucumber(meaning “remain cool and collected”),as fit as a cricket(meaning “very healthy and vigorous”)
like a rat in a hole(meaning “in a hopeless situation”)
2.隱喻(metaphor),like a simile,also makes a comparison between unlike elements,but unlike a simile,this comparison is implied rather stated. 例如:
寧做泥里藕,不做水上萍(meaning “a person should be staid and honest not frivolous”)
一寸光陰一寸金(meaning “time is as precious as gold”)
pass the buck(meaning “to ignore one’s responsibility ”)
crocodile tears(meaning “signs of insincere sorrow”)
3.換喻(metonymy),is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. 例如:
紙老虎 甕中之鱉
鐵飯碗 黃粱美夢
a fly on the wheel (refers to “arrogant persons”)
a dark horse (refers to “a person who tends to keep their activities,feelingities or intensions secret may have unexpected qualities or abilities”)
4.對照(antithesiss),這個詞來自“antitheniai”,意思是“opposition”。It is a figure of speech in which contrast or opposition of thoughts is expressed by balancing one word or phrase against another in parallel stucture,each setting off or complementing the other. 例如:
人要實心,火要空心
寧可直中取,莫向曲中求
No pains,no gains.
Knowledge makes humble,ignorance makes proud.
二、 修辭功能
1.描寫功能(descriptive function)。許多英漢習語能夠生動形象地描寫事物和人的性質與狀態。例如:眉飛色舞is used to describe somebody’s facial expression when he/she speaks in happy mood. 咬牙切齒is applied to portray somebody’s bitter hatred or anger by gnashing his teeth when speaking. 此外,搖頭晃腦、點頭哈腰、亂七八糟、抓耳撓腮等都具有這種描寫功能。 英語成語中有cats and dogs,cut and dried,high and mighty,free and easy,fair and squre are often used to describe the state of a thing or a person. 讓我們再看看兩個例子:Cut and dried 經常用來形容事情已經定局而無法改變。例如: What was her own life but a cut-and-dried affair? (J.Galsworthy,Maid in Waiting,Ch.XX)我們使用free and easy來描述某種行為和生活。例如:I am longing for the free and easy, open-air life of the plains.
2.簡化功能(simplifying function)。當我們說英漢習語具有簡化功能時,意指我們能夠通過言簡意賅的習語來表達比較復雜的事情或觀點。在這些習語中,那些典故最具此功能。例如:刻舟求劍,畫蛇添足,守株待兔,杯弓蛇影,to cry wolf,to bell the cat,等等。在這些成語的背后,都含有一個既有趣又有哲理的故事。我們能夠通過使用這些典故性成語表達深刻的內涵與思想,相比那些多詞的表達或句子,典故性成語更簡潔精辟有說服力。
“刻舟求劍”出自《呂氏春秋·察今》:“楚人有涉江者,其劍自舟中墜于水,遂刻其舟,曰:‘是吾劍之所從墜。’舟止,從其所刻者入水求之。舟已行矣,而劍不行,求劍若此,不亦惑乎?”現今這個成語暗示人們沒有根據實際情況做出調整,太呆板守舊。例如:我們要根據情況的變化來調整對策,不能拘泥于舊有的模式,干刻舟求劍的傻事!
“Cry wolf”出自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fable): “a shepherd cried out‘wolf is coming’to fool the working farmers once and again. When the wolves came to attack his sheep in the end,he asked for help, but nobady believed what he said any more.Finally,the wolves ate up all the sheep.” 我們常常使用“cry wolf”暗示別人給出虛假警示或警告。 例如:Nobady will believe he is in trouble because he has cried wolfso many years.
3.勸說功能(Persuasive function)。英漢勞動人民在他們的生產及社會實踐中創造出了豐富的成語和習語,這些習語是語言中的精華,最具民族特色和文化內涵,通常能夠揭示某一真理,給人啟迪與鼓勵。例如:
眾人拾柴火焰高
Many hands make light work.
人心齊泰山移
A united peole are invincible.
三個臭皮匠抵得一個諸葛亮
Two heads are better than one.
The above idioms reveal the truth that strength comes from unity and mutual help and advise people to value the collective action.
No bees,no honey.
No pains,no gains.
Where there is a will,there is a way.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
不勞無獲
有志者事竟成
患難之交才是真交
人要實心,火要空心
These idioms used here sum up life experience, give people some warnings, advise people to be diligent and set up a clear aim in study or work; to be honest and kind to others,etc.
三、 美學價值(aesthetic value)
下面筆者將從藝術價值方面討論英漢成語的四種美感。
1.簡潔美(succinctness)。 成語是漢語中特有的短語,是具有特定內涵的約定俗成的語言,而四字成語又是成語中最簡潔的詞語。例如:前總理朱镕基在1998年3月19日中外記者招待會上的發言:“不管前面是地雷陣還是萬丈深淵,我都將一往無前,義無反顧,鞠躬盡瘁,死而后已。”地雷陣和萬丈深淵生動地描述了深化改革的難度,而一往無前,義無反顧,鞠躬盡瘁,死而后已又表明了朱總理執行改革決心之大,魄力之足。
英語習語的定義為:Idiom is a set phrase toletant of no grammatical analysis, and its meaning can be hardly grsped by analyzing its formatives, nor is there a rule for its formation.比較下面兩個句子:
(1) A large number of American radio station operate in the red.
(2) A large number of American radio station operate in a very bad condition.
第一句中的in the red(虧損,出現赤字)的反義是in the black(盈利),比起第二句中的in a very bad condition,更精煉,更有美感。
2.時空美 (distance of time space)。Distance,here,not a specialized terminology in physics, is in fact, time-lag, which is internal of time between two connected events. 例如:我們經常用“沉魚落雁”、“閉目羞花”來形容女性美到極致,而這些成語又使我們不由自主穿越到古代,想起那四大美女貂蟬、楊貴妃、西施、王昭君。同樣如此,英語習語“ to cross the Rubicon(to take a decisive and irrevocable step)”會讓我們聯想到凱撒大帝無力回天時的那種動容而悲壯的情形,他仰天長嘆“the death is cast”。
3.對稱美 (symmetry)。英漢很多習語讀起來朗朗上口,主要在于兩點:
(1) The wordage in a phrase idiom is always even number whereas in a sentence idiom the wordage of the first part is the same as that of the second. 例如:
雞毛蒜皮 煙消云散
海闊憑魚躍,天高任鳥飛
Grasp all,lose all.
Over shoes,over boots.
Out of sight,out of mind.
(2)Syntactical functions and morphological features that help to determine a part of speech in symmetrical idioms are corresponding. 例如:“水有源,樹有根”中“水”和“樹”是名詞,“有”是動詞,“源”和“根”是名詞。在英語習語“pride goes before,and shame follows after”中,“pride”和 “shame”是名詞,“goes”和“follows”是動詞,“before”和“ after”是副詞。
4.音韻美 (melodiousness)
(1) 雙聲(alliteration )
發憤圖強(fa fen) Waste not,want not.
淋漓盡致(lin li) safe and sound
(2) 疊韻(rhyme)
延年益壽(yannian) Hugger-mugger
乘風破浪(chengfeng) Fairand squre
(3) 疊音(repetition )
戰戰兢兢 Diamondcutdiamond
津津樂道 Measurefor measure
(4) 平仄(英語體現在stress與intonation)
平仄平仄— 風起云涌 心領神會
仄平仄平— 養尊處優 聚精會神
平平仄仄— 標新立異 風馳電掣
仄仄平平— 草木皆兵 百孔千瘡
英語成語特別是諺語的韻律美,有時會通過重音、韻腳、語音語調實現。例如:
`Safe and `sound
A `friend /in `need /is a `friend in`deed.
參考文獻:
[1]陳文伯.英語成語與漢語成語[M].上海外語教學與研究出版社,1982.
[2]徐丹暉.語言藝術探索[M].北京廣播學院出版社,1999.
[3]A Comprehenive Dictionary of English Idioms and Phrases[M].福州 : 福建人民出版社,1985.