劉艷芝
摘 要: 我們學習英漢成語的目的不僅僅在于認識這些成語或者知道它們的意思,更重要的是要在實際情境中領悟其深刻內涵并正確地運用。如果要實現這個目標,作者認為在學習過程中一定要了解英漢成語的修辭特征、修辭功能及它們所蘊含的美學價值。
關鍵詞: 英漢成語 修辭功能 美學價值
成語,是語言中璀璨奪目的明珠,不僅可見于文學作品,而且經常應用于日常言談之中。英語和漢語都含有大量成語,它們形式簡潔意思精辟,使語言更加凝練,更具有表現力。筆者試圖從廣義方面分析其修辭特征、功能與美學價值。
一、英漢成語常見的幾大修辭特征
1.明喻(simile),is a figure of speech,which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. 例如:
光陰似箭 如魚得水
味同嚼蠟 冷若冰霜
as cool as cucumber(meaning “remain cool and collected”),as fit as a cricket(meaning “very healthy and vigorous”)
like a rat in a hole(meaning “in a hopeless situation”)
2.隱喻(metaphor),like a simile,also makes a comparison between unlike elements,but unlike a simile,this comparison is implied rather stated. 例如:
寧做泥里藕,不做水上萍(meaning “a person should be staid and honest not frivolous”)
一寸光陰一寸金(meaning “time is as precious as gold”)
pass the buck(meaning “to ignore one’s responsibility ”)
crocodile tears(meaning “signs of insincere sorrow”)
3.換喻(metonymy),is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. 例如:
紙老虎 甕中之鱉
鐵飯碗 黃粱美夢
a fly on the wheel (refers to “arrogant persons”)
a dark horse (refers to “a person who tends to keep their activities,feelingities or intensions secret may have unexpected qualities or abilities”)
4.對照(antithesiss),這個詞來自“antitheniai”,意思是“opposition”。It is a figure of speech in which contrast or opposition of thoughts is expressed by balancing one word or phrase against another in parallel stucture,each setting off or complementing the other. 例如:
人要實心,火要空心
寧可直中取,莫向曲中求
No pains,no gains.
Knowledge makes humble,ignorance makes proud.
二、 修辭功能
1.描寫功能(descriptive function)。許多英漢習語能夠生動形象地描寫事物和人的性質與狀態。例如:眉飛色舞is used to describe somebody’s facial expression when he/she speaks in happy mood. 咬牙切齒is applied to portray somebody’s bitter hatred or anger by gnashing his teeth when speaking. 此外,搖頭晃腦、點頭哈腰、亂七八糟、抓耳撓腮等都具有這種描寫功能。 英語成語中有cats and dogs,cut and dried,high and mighty,free and easy,fair and squre are often used to describe the state of a thing or a person. 讓我們再看看兩個例子:Cut and dried 經常用來形容事情已經定局而無法改變。例如: What was her own life but a cut-and-dried affair? (J.Galsworthy,Maid in Waiting,Ch.XX)我們使用free and easy來描述某種行為和生活。例如:I am longing for the free and easy, open-air life of the plains.
2.簡化功能(simplifying function)。當我們說英漢習語具有簡化功能時,意指我們能夠通過言簡意賅的習語來表達比較復雜的事情或觀點。在這些習語中,那些典故最具此功能。……