張清莉 ,劉再強 ,鐘玉德 ,王文杰,劉松 ,肖先儀 ,何寬信, 陳學平
1 中國科學技術大學煙草與健康研究中心,安徽省合肥市徽州大道1129號 230051;
2 江西省煙草公司,江西省南昌市洪城路298號 330025;
3安徽省池州市煙草公司,安徽省池州市貴池區長江中路41號 247100
BABA誘導煙草抵御高鹽脅迫的初步研究
張清莉1,劉再強2,鐘玉德2,王文杰3,劉松1,肖先儀2,何寬信2, 陳學平1
1 中國科學技術大學煙草與健康研究中心,安徽省合肥市徽州大道1129號 230051;
2 江西省煙草公司,江西省南昌市洪城路298號 330025;
3安徽省池州市煙草公司,安徽省池州市貴池區長江中路41號 247100
通過外源BABA處理觀察其對高鹽脅迫下煙草生長的調節作用,并從抗氧化系統和相關基因表達探討其作用機理。結果表明:在高鹽脅迫下,外源0.2 mmol/L BABA和0.5 mmol/L BABA處理均能顯著促進煙草的生長,根長和鮮重均顯著增加;與鹽脅迫組相比,外源BABA處理能顯著提高高鹽脅迫下煙草幼苗體內還原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、脯氨酸、葉綠素和H2O2的含量,同時還能增加煙株超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗壞血酸還原酶(APX)、過氧化物酶(POD)、過氧化氫酶(CAT)的活性;外源BABA還可通過降低高鹽脅迫下煙株丙二醛(MDA)含量和相對電導率值來減輕高鹽脅迫對細胞膜的損害。半定量PCR結果表明:BABA能夠誘導脫落酸(ABA)調控基因NtRAB18、NtERD10D和NtERD10B表達。由此認為BABA提高煙草的耐鹽性是通過激發植物體內抗氧化系統和通過ABA途徑誘導逆激基因上調的綜合結果。
β-氨基丁酸;煙草;高鹽脅迫
植物在生長發育過程中會受到各種逆境脅迫,例如干旱[1]、冷凍[2]、洪澇[3]、高溫[4]和高鹽[5]等,其中高鹽脅迫使植物生長發育周期縮短,生物量和經濟產量下降,是制約植物生長和發育的最主要因素之一[6]。據不完全統計,目前世界鹽漬地約10億公頃,占世界土壤總面積的10 %,其中中國各類鹽漬土就約有1億公頃[7]。
鹽脅迫主要包括滲透脅迫、離子不平衡、營養缺乏和離子毒害[8]。一方面土壤中過量的NaCl導致土壤中水勢降低,植物難以從土壤中吸收水分,另一方面溶液中過量的鹽離子會阻礙植物對以K+為主的一些必須礦質元素的吸收[9],造成營養離子缺虧,同時植物細胞中過量的Cl-和Na+也會影響細胞內酶的活性,細胞的代謝和生理功能受到不同程度的破壞[10]。高鹽脅迫嚴重影響了煙草的生長和發育,提高煙草耐鹽性具有重要意義。
BABA是一種在植物中很少存在的非蛋白質氨基酸。研究報道,BABA能夠誘導擬南芥抗高鹽和干旱[11]、低鉀脅迫[12],大豆抗重金屬鎘[13],春小麥抗干旱[14]。但有關BABA誘導煙草抵御高鹽脅迫的研究尚未見報道。本實驗以煙草“云煙87”為試材,研究了不同濃度BABA對NaCl脅迫下煙草的調節作用,測定了煙草中抗氧化酶和抗氧化物質的含量以及相關的基因表達,探索外源BABA提高煙草抵御NaCl脅迫的機理,為BABA誘導煙草抵御高鹽脅迫提供理論依據。
煙草品種“云煙87”由安徽農業科學院提供,BABA(純度為94%)市購,RNA提取試劑盒(RNA prep Pure Plant Kit)購于北京天根生物技術有限公司,Taq聚合酶(TaKaRa Taq)和反轉錄試劑盒(Prime Script RT Master Mix Perfect Real Time)均購于大連TaKaRa公司。
生長條件分為培養基培養、水培、土培三類。
培養基:煙草種子經75 % (V/V)C2H5OH消毒3 min,20%(V/V)NaClO振蕩22 min,滅菌雙蒸水清洗5~6次。將清洗過的種子均勻點播在MS(Murashige和Skoog)培養基上,對照組和鹽脅迫組均為正常的MS培養基,BABA組添加BABA至終濃度分別為0.2 mmol/L和0.5 mmol/L。預處理15d后將鹽脅迫組和BABA組的煙草幼苗移入已加入150 mmol/L NaCl的MS培養基上,進入NaCl脅迫期,對照組移入正常的MS培養基,具體操作如表1。恒溫箱中培養,溫度(28 ± 2)℃,16h光照/d。進入NaCl脅迫期20d后,觀察表型、拍照,測量其根長和鮮重。實驗設置3次重復。

表1 培養基條件Tab.1 Medium condition
水培條件:將煙草種子均勻撒在由霍格蘭營養液潤濕的滅菌營養土里,選取生長一致幼苗分別移入加入同體積霍格蘭營養液的錐形瓶中。溫度(28± 2)℃,16h光照/d預處理3d后,將鹽脅迫組和BABA組煙草幼苗移入含有150 mmol/L NaCl的霍格蘭營養液中,對照組更換營養液,具體操作如表2所示。進入NaCl脅迫期48h后同時取樣測生理指標和提取RNA。實驗設置3次重復。

表2 水培條件Tab.2 Hydroponics culture
土培條件:將煙草種子均勻撒在霍格蘭營養液潤濕的滅菌營養土里,溫度(28 ± 2)℃,16h光照/d培養至幼苗生長至3、4葉真葉期時分苗。選取生長一致煙苗移栽到花盆里。每個花盆種植一株,4個花盆為一組,設置3組重復。具體操作見表3。預處理72h后進入NaCl脅迫期,70d后觀察其表型,拍照。

表3 土培條件Tab.3 Soil culture condition
參照Michael等的方法[15],略有改動。取待測新鮮葉片約0.10 g去中脈剪碎置于試管中,加入5 mL 3%水楊酸,于沸水浴中提取10 min后冷卻,吸取2 mL上清液 (空白管吸取2 mL 3%水楊酸),加入2 mL茚三酮顯色液,3 mL冰乙酸,沸水浴中反應40 min后冷卻,加入5 mL甲苯萃取,測定其在520 nm波長下的吸光度值。
參照Stewart 和 Bewley的方法[16],略有改動。取待測新鮮葉片約0.20 g,加入10%的三氯乙酸溶液2.0 mL研磨,離心10 min后吸取上清溶液1.8 mL(空白管吸取1.8 mL三氯乙酸),加入1.8 mL 0.6%硫代巴比妥酸溶液,于沸水浴中反應15 min,冷卻后離心,測定其在450 nm、532 nm、600 nm波長下的吸光度值。
測試步驟參照蘇州科銘生物技術有限公司GSH測試試劑盒說明書。
參照朱廣廉等的方法[17],略有改動。取待測新鮮葉片約0.2 g去中脈剪碎置于試管中,加入10 mL 80%的丙酮混勻用黑布包裹過夜。待葉片組織全部變白以后測其在645 nm、652 nm、663nm波長下的吸光度值。
參照陳建勛等的方法[18],略有改動。將待測葉片用自來水沖洗3次去污、蒸餾水沖洗3次去離子,選取等大小的待測葉片約1.0 g,加入50 mL雙蒸水浸泡24 h后測其電導率R1。將上述葉片在沸水浴中煮沸30分鐘后,冷卻,補足蒸發掉的水分后測其電導率R2。相對電導率=R1/R2×100%。
取待測新鮮葉片約0.2 g,加入1 mL 50 mmol/L pH=7.0的緩沖液(含 有1% PVP,0.01 mmol/L EDTANa2),在預先冷凍的研缽中迅速研磨后再加入3 mL緩沖液,混勻后1200 rad/s離心15 min。吸取上清液置于4 ℃中冷藏備用。
APX活力的測定:參照Nakano、Asada的方法[19],略有改動。反應混合液2.9 mL (50 mmol/L pH=7.0的磷酸緩沖液中含有0.1 mol/L EDTANa2、0.06 mmol/L H2O2)中加入0.1 mL酶液(空白管加入0.1mL磷酸緩沖液)混勻后在氘燈下測其在290 nm波長下0 s和120 s的吸光度值。
POD活力的測定:按照Kar和Mishra 的愈創木酚法[20],略有改動。4.7 mL混合液(50 mmol/L pH=5.5的磷酸緩沖液2.7 mL,2% 的H2O21.0 mL,0.05 mmol/L愈創木酚1.0 mL)中加入0.3 mL酶液(空白管為0.3 mL pH=7.0的磷酸緩沖液)混勻后,水浴37℃反應15 min,冷卻后測定其在470 nm波長下的吸光度值。
SOD活力的測定:參照Bewley的NBT方法[21],略有改動。混合液2.9 mL(50 mmol/L pH=7.8的磷酸緩沖液1.5 mL,130 mmol/L的甲硫氨酸溶液0.3 mL、750 μmol/L 的 NBT 0.3 mL、100 μmol/L 的EDTANa20.3 mL、蒸餾水0.5 mL)中加入0.3 mL 20 μmol/L核黃素、0.10 mL酶液(空白管加入0.10 mL pH=7.0的磷酸緩沖液)。1支對照管罩上黑布,一支對照管和測試管置于4000 lx的光照下反應30 min。反應結束后測其在560 nm波長下的吸光度值。
CAT、H2O2測定依據南京建成生物試劑公司CAT、H2O2測試試劑盒說明書。
葉片總RNA提取參照植物總RNA提取試劑盒說明書。RNA反轉錄參照TaKaRa反轉錄試劑盒說明書。內參基因為18S rRNA (AJ236016.1),目的基因為NtRAB18、NtERD10B和NtERD10D。

表4 基因引物序列Tab.4 Gene sequences of primers
實驗數據表示為平均值 ± 標準偏差,數據分析采用單因素方差分析,置信區間P<0.05,統計分析軟件使用origin 9.0和DPS 9.5。
由圖1所示,與自然生長的煙草相比,NaCl脅迫抑制了煙草的生長,其表現為葉片面積減小(圖1B),根長(圖1A、C)、莖長(圖1C)縮短,而在NaCl脅迫下,BABA處理能夠明顯緩解以上情況。BABA組較鹽脅迫組的煙草葉片面積增大(圖1B),根、莖增長(圖1A、C),根系也較鹽脅迫組發達(圖1C),鹽脅迫組和BABA組的鮮重(圖1D)和根長(圖1E)均達到顯著性差異。其中,添加0.2 mmol/L BABA處理的煙苗比鹽脅迫組的鮮重(圖1D)和根長(圖1E)分別增加了96.83%和146.42%,0.5 mmol/L BABA比鹽脅迫組鮮重(圖1D)和根長(圖1E)分別增加了96.64%和235.71%。結果表明,BABA能夠緩解鹽脅迫對煙草生長的抑制作用。

圖1 NaCl脅迫下BABA對煙草(A、B、C)長勢、煙草幼苗(A)的鮮重(D)和根長(E)的影響Fig.1 Effect of BABA on the growth (A.B.C) of tobacco as well as the fresh weight (D) and root length (E) of tobacco seedling s (A) under NaCl stress
植物組織遭受逆境危害后,膜脂過氧化加劇,MDA大量積累,細胞膜結構、功能被破壞,導致電解質外滲[22-24]。MDA含量和相對電導率通常作為植物受氧化脅迫程度的指標。由圖2(A)所示,0.2 mmol/L 和0.5 mmol/L BABA降低了煙葉中MDA的含量,分別比鹽脅迫組降低了22.00% 和29.54%。同時0.5 mmol/L BABA組的MDA含量與自然生長的煙草幼苗沒有達到顯著性差異。由圖2(B)所示,0.2 mmol/L 和0.5 mmol/L BABA 降低了煙葉的相對電導率,分別比鹽脅迫組降低了25.71% 和17.91%。結果表明,BABA能夠降低高鹽脅迫對煙草細胞膜結構和功能的損傷。

圖2 對照組、鹽脅迫組和BABA組煙草幼苗MDA(A)含量與相對電導率(B)Fig.2 MDA (A) and the relative electrical conductivity (B) in tobacco seedlings of the control,salt stress and BABA groups

圖3 對照組、鹽脅迫組、BABA組煙草幼苗葉綠素(A)、脯氨酸(B)、GSH(C)含量Fig.3 Content of chlorophyll (A),proline (B) and GSH (C) in t obacco seedlings of control,salt stress and BABA groups
鹽脅迫抑制葉綠體中葉綠素合成,并破壞已合成的葉綠素,使植物的光能利用和CO2同化受到抑制[24]。本研究中0.2 mmol/L 和0.5 mmol/L BABA分別使煙草幼苗的葉綠素A較鹽脅迫組增加了16.42%和12.41%,葉綠素B較鹽脅迫組增加了83.96%和49.97%,總的葉綠素較鹽脅迫組分別增加了23.82%和16.52%,見圖3(A)。
脯氨酸是植物體內重要的滲透調解物質。在遭受脅迫時植物通過大量積累脯氨酸來提高溶質濃度、降低體內水勢[25]。同時脯氨酸與蛋白質結合,能增強蛋 白質的水合作用,保護這些生物大分子的結構和功能的穩定[26]。煙草的鹽適細胞中脯氨酸含量占游離氨基酸總量的80%[27]。本實驗中煙草在遭受NaCl脅迫下開始積累脯氨酸,比自然生長時增加了41.56%。添加BABA處理后能顯著增加煙草體內脯氨酸的含量,0.2 mmol/L 和0.5 mmol/L BABA使煙草幼苗脯氨酸含量較鹽脅迫組分別增加了1394%和927%,見圖3(B)。
GSH是葉綠體中重要的抗氧化劑,保護細胞在光合成時免受氧化傷害[28]。GSH是植物體內含有-SH的還原物質,不僅能夠清除細胞內的氧化物質,還能通過GSH-和R-S-S-R之間的交換作用將R-S-S-R轉化為-SH,使受損的結構蛋白和酶還原[29]。據Chen報道添加GSH可明顯提高鹽脅迫下葉片抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物質含量,延緩對液泡膜的傷害[30]。本研究中0.2 mmol/L 和0.5 mmol/L BABA使煙草幼苗體內GSH含量較鹽脅迫組分別增加了20.69%和25.13%,見圖3(C)。
結果表明,鹽脅迫下BABA能夠使煙草體內脯氨酸和GSH含量上升,保護葉綠素的結構和功能,從而提高煙草的耐鹽性。其中,脯氨酸的大量合成,可能是BABA提高煙草耐鹽性的主要途徑。
H2O2是植物細胞內的信號傳導分子,在一定濃度范圍內,誘導啟動與植物脅迫耐性相關的基因表達和生化反應[31]。逆境脅迫的初期誘導植物體內以H2O2為代表的活性氧積累,作為植物感受逆境脅迫的第二信使,調控下游信號,誘導下游調控基因的表達[31-32]。McAinsh等發現,外源H2O2可使細胞質中Ca2+升高,誘導氣孔關閉[33],從而降低葉片蒸騰作用,防止細胞脫水。Hong等[34]報道,鹽脅迫誘導水稻產生積累H2O2,并且H2O2參與調控OsGR2和OsGR3的表達提高水稻抗逆性。本研究中0.2 mmol/L BABA處理后煙草幼苗H2O2含量較鹽脅迫組增加了39.77%,0.5 mmol/L BABA處理較鹽脅迫組增加了47.51%,見圖4。

圖4 對照組、鹽脅迫組、BABA組煙草幼苗H2O2的含量Fig.4 H2O2 content in tobacco seedlings of control,salt stress and BABA groups
NaCl通過對植物的滲透脅迫,一方面造成離子毒害,另一方面引起活性氧中間體(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)爆發,破壞細胞正常的生理活動[35]。ROS能夠誘導損傷線粒體DNA,形成脂質或核苷酸過氧化物;使不飽和脂肪酸間發起各種抗氧化連鎖反應[36,37]。葉綠體、線粒體和過氧化物酶體是植物產生ROS的主要地方[38,39],同時也形成了抵御ROS機制,植物抗氧化脅迫的能力與其抗逆性呈正相關關系[40]。SOD是植物體內重要的抗氧化酶,其能將O2-轉化為H2O2[41],再由POD、APX、CAT、GSH等將H2O2轉化為H2O,從而降低氧化脅迫對植物造成的傷害[38,42,43]。由圖5(D)所示,0.2 mmol/L BABA處理下,煙草幼苗SOD比活力較鹽脅迫組提高了14.15%,0.5 mmol/L BABA處理較鹽脅迫組提高了12.10%,機體將過多氧化性極強的超氧化物離子(O2-)轉化為H2O2從而減輕氧化脅迫。APX是植物清除H2O2的關鍵酶,其以還原型抗壞血酸(ASA)為底物將H2O2還原為H2O,生成的氧化型抗壞血酸(DASA)通過GSH還原為ASA。由圖5(A)所示,0.2 mmol/L BABA處理下,煙草幼苗APX含量較鹽脅迫組升高2.30%,0.5 mmol/L BABA處理下,APX活力較鹽脅迫組升高0.80%。由圖5(B)所示,0.2 mmol/L BABA處理下,煙草幼苗CAT活力較鹽脅迫組提高了34.95%,0.5 mmol/L BABA處理較鹽脅迫組提高36.30%。由圖5(C)所示,0.2 mmol/L BABA處理下,煙草幼苗POD活力較鹽脅迫組提高了123.4%,0.5 mmol/L BABA處理較鹽脅迫組提高60.87%。最后H2O2含量增加可能是因為SOD將轉換為的速率大于APX、CAT、POD將H2O2轉換為H2O的速率。結果表明,BABA能夠提高煙草在遭受鹽脅迫時的抗氧化酶活性,其中SOD將破壞性強的轉換為破壞性較弱的H2O2,并由CAT、APX、POD和GSH等將過量的H2O2轉化為H2O而維持細胞內H2O2的平衡,而BABA能使煙草體內的H2O2含量上升,可能是H2O2其能行使信號分子的作用,從而有效地降低高鹽脅迫對煙草的傷害。

圖5 對照組、鹽脅迫組、BABA組煙草幼苗APX(A)、CAT(B)、POD(C)、SOD(D)活力變化Fig.5 Activity changes of APX (A),CAT (B),POD (C) and SOD (D ) in tobacco seedlings of control,salt stress and BABA groups

圖6 對照組、鹽脅迫組和 BABA組葉片中NtRAB18、NtERD10B、NtERD10D 基因的表達Fig.6 Genetic expressions of NtRAB18,NtERD10B and NtERD10D in tobacco leaves of control,salt stress and BABA groups
目前,通過導入功能基因獲得耐鹽性較好的轉基因作物取得了一定進展[7,44-45],但轉基因植物的安全性問題限制了其生產應用。通過外源施加BABA誘導煙草特定基因的表達從而提高其耐鹽性具有安全性好、操作簡便等優越性。Kasuga等報道,煙草中NtERD10B和NtERD10D受轉錄因子DREB1A調控,與煙草水分脅迫密切相關[46]。NtERD10B與NtERD10D均含有DER/CRT元件,該元件是與干旱、低溫脅迫相關基因所共有的啟動子區域元件。包含該元件的基因在逆境脅迫下大量表達,可提高植物的抗逆性[47,48]。NtERD10B編碼胚胎發育晚期豐富蛋白2族(D11 LEA)并與植物脫水密切相關。這類蛋白在煙草細胞內具有保護蛋白結構和分子伴侶的功能并受ABA和脫水信號的調節[49,50]。NtERD10B基因對水分脅迫尤為敏感,其表達量的大小已經成為衡量植物受水分脅迫程度的標準[46,49]。由圖6可知,通過外源施加BABA,NtERD10B、NtERD10D基因表達量較鹽脅迫組均顯著增加。植物在逆境脅迫下ABA含量會發生變化,而許多逆境脅迫下的基因也受外源ABA的調控,ABA是植物體內重要的逆境脅迫信號分子[11,51-53]。NtRAB18的啟動子含有DRE-和ABRE調節元件,通過ABA依賴和不依賴兩種途徑,受ABA誘導表達[54-56]。由圖6可知,0.2 mmol/L BABA和0.5 mmol/L BABA處理,均能顯著提高NaCl脅迫下煙草幼苗葉片NtRAB18的表達量。由此可知,BABA可以通過ABA途徑來提高煙草耐鹽性。
高鹽脅迫使煙草生長受到抑制,其葉片面積減小,根長變短,根系沒有正常生長的煙草發達,同時煙草細胞膜脂過氧化程度增加、膜透性增加,電解質外滲,葉綠素被破壞。外源施加0.2 mmol/L和0.5 mmol/L BABA均能有效緩解以上情況,促進煙草在鹽脅迫下生長。分析認為BABA提高煙草耐鹽性一方面通過增加煙草體內脯氨酸、葉綠素、GSH含量,另一方面通過提高抗氧化酶SOD的活性,將毒性較強的O2-轉化為H2O2,并由 CAT、APX、POD等將過量的H2O2轉化為H2O維持細胞內H2O2平衡。同時,BABA能使煙草體內的H2O2含量上升,這可能與H2O2能作為感受逆境脅迫的第二信使有關。BABA提高煙草的耐鹽性與煙草ABA途徑的相關基因表達有關,一方面它提高含有DRE/CRT元件的NtERD10B、NtERD10D基因的表達量,另一方面提高含有DRE-和ABRE元件的NtRAB18基因的表達量。結果表明BABA提高煙草的耐鹽性是通過激發植物體內抗氧化系統以及通過ABA途徑提高NtERD10D、NtERD10B和NtRAB18等逆激基因的表達而實現的。
另外,本實驗結果許多指標與抗旱指標密切相關[11,49,57],我們在另外實驗中也發現BABA能夠降低干旱對煙草生長的脅迫。我國許多煙區會遇到干旱威脅,因此BABA在提高煙草耐旱作用方面可能具有很好的潛在應用前景。
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A preliminary study on BABA-induced resistance to high salt stress in tobacco
ZHANG Qingli1,LIU Zaiqiang2,ZHONG Yude2,WANG Wenjie3,LIU Song1,XIAO Xianyi2,HE Kuanxin2,CHEN Xueping1
1 Tobacco and Health Research Center,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230051,China;
2 Jiangxi Provincial Tobacco Company,Nanchang 330025,China;
3 Anhui Chizhou Municipal Tobacco Company,Chizhou 247100,China
This paper introduced the function of BABA in protecting tobacco from high salt stress and attempted to explore the mechanism through measuring antioxidative molecular content,antioxidative enzyme activities,and related gene expression.Results showed that 0.2 mmol/L BABA and 0.5 mmol/L BABA both could increase root length and fresh weight of tobacco under high salt stress significantly via increasing the contents of GSH,proline,chlorophyll, H2O2and the activities of SOD,APX,POD and CAT.BABA alleviated the damage of cell membrane integrity via decreasing the contents of MDA and relative electrical conductivity.The involved ABA-response genes NtRAB18,NtERD10B,NtERD10D were higher expressed than the salt stress group.The above evidence suggested that 0.2 mmol/L BABA and 0.5 mmol/L BABA were bene ficial in relieving high salt stress on tobacco by stimulating antioxidant system and over expression genes of ABA-response.
β-aminobutyric acid;tobacco;high salt stress
張清莉,劉再強,鐘玉德,等.BABA 誘導煙草抵御高鹽脅迫的初步研究[J].中國煙草學報,2015,21(3)
江西省煙草公司“提高煙草抗逆性新型調節物質研制及應用”(贛煙2011.01.001號)和池州市煙草公司“生物綠肥在生產中應用研究”(池煙2011.11.18)
張清莉(1989—),碩士,主要研究方向:植物抗逆性和烤煙成分分析,Email:zqingli@ mail.ustc.edu.cn
陳學平(1956—),博士,教授,主要研究方向為植物生物技術及遺傳改良,Email: chenxp08@ ustc.edu.cn
2014-06-05
: ZHANG Qingli,LIU Zaiqiang,ZHONG Yude,et al.A preliminary study on BABA-induced resistance to high salt stress in tobacco [J]Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2015,21(3)