鹽酸右美托咪定是一種高選擇性α2受體激動劑,自1999年12月27日獲FDA批準上市以來,因其具有鎮靜、鎮痛、催眠、抗焦慮、多器官保護等作用,且對呼吸、循環影響甚微,被廣泛應用于臨床。關于右美鎮痛作用的應用與研究越來越多,但其鎮痛機制仍不清楚,現就右美鎮痛作用綜述如下。
1鎮痛作用
1.1超前鎮痛 Del Angel García等[1]在對行腹股溝疝手術患者使用右美超前鎮痛的研究中發現,麻醉前予以右美可以明顯降低疼痛的強度,減少術后鎮痛藥物的用量。Schmidt等[2]對60例兒童隨機分成三組術前分別使用咪達唑侖、可樂定、右美,評估三種術前用藥方案對兒童術后疼痛和焦慮的影響,結果表明右美能帶來明顯的超前鎮痛。He等[3] 發現丙泊酚注射前5min靜脈予以右美1μg/kg可以安全有效地降低丙泊酚注射痛的發生率及疼痛程度。
1.2術中鎮痛
1.2.1全麻中鎮痛 右美具有良好的輔助鎮痛作用,術中輔用右美能夠顯著減少麻醉藥的用量。Tufanogullari等[4]報道術中輔用右美0.2、0.4和0.8μg·kg-1·h-1可使手術患者呼氣末地氟烷濃度分別降低19、20和22%,減少復蘇室芬太尼及術后自控鎮痛的需求。Patel等[5]在比較右美與芬太尼對122例睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征患兒行扁桃體腺樣體切除術圍手術期阿片類藥物的使用量及術后躁動發生率的影響研究中發現,右美組維持術中循環穩定的芬太尼需要量低于芬太尼組。Gopalakrishna等[6]對46例垂體瘤切除患者予以右美持續輸注,結果顯示右美組能夠顯著改善血流動力學穩定,術中芬太尼消耗量及呼氣末異氟烷濃度要求均明顯減少。
1.2.2椎管內輔助鎮痛 低劑量右美(3μg)混合布比卡因用于經尿道前列腺或膀胱腫瘤切除術患者蛛網膜下腔麻醉呈劑量依賴性地縮短運動神經阻滯起效時間,延長運動和感覺神經復蘇時間[7、8]。Elhakim等[9]發現在硬膜外聯合全麻下行單肺通氣開胸手術過程中,硬膜外加用右美可以顯著減少麻醉藥的用量、預防術中知曉、改善術中氧合以及減輕術后疼痛。右美鞘內或硬膜外腔給藥治療慢性疼痛效果是確切的,但是也有研究[10]表明右美硬膜外給藥可以引起兔的脊髓白質脫髓鞘病變,這與一些研究[11、12、13]證實右美具有神經保護作用的結論相悖。
1.2.3神經阻滯輔助鎮痛 局麻藥中加右美可以縮短臂叢神經阻滯的起效時間,延長神經阻滯時間及術后鎮痛時間[14、15]。Almarakbi等[16]用布比卡因輔以右美0.5μg/kg對50例腹式子宮切除術患者行腹橫肌平面阻滯,結果顯示右美加布比卡因組第一次鎮痛要求明顯晚于對照組,且術后鎮痛嗎啡總量及術后8h的疼痛評分(視覺模擬評分,VAS)均低于對照組,提示局麻藥伍用右美可以產生更好的鎮痛效果。
1.3術后鎮痛
1.3.1靜脈鎮痛 右美用于術后靜脈鎮痛可以減少鎮痛藥的用量及鎮痛藥引起的不良反應,提高患者舒適度[17、18]。Nie等[19]報道右美聯合舒芬太尼用于產婦術后患者自控靜脈鎮痛能夠減少舒芬的用量,提高產婦對術后鎮痛的滿意程度。
1.3.2關節腔內鎮痛 右美可以提高羅哌卡因關節腔內注射用于膝關節鏡檢術后鎮痛的鎮痛質量[20]。Alipour等[21]報道膝關節鏡術后關節腔內注射右美1μg/kg明顯減輕了患者術后疼痛程度。右美直接或輔助局麻藥用于關節腔內鎮痛,不僅可以為患者提供良好的術后鎮痛減少止痛藥物的用量,而且其鎮痛效能甚至優于靜脈鎮痛。
1.3.3外周神經阻滯鎮痛 Bengisun等[22]在對48例肩關節鏡手術患者行臂叢神經阻滯術后鎮痛發現,左旋布比卡因聯合右美用于臂叢神經阻滯術后鎮痛可以降低患者術后疼痛VAS評分,提高患者的滿意度。
1.4其它 Samantaray等[23]研究發現右美1μg/kg聯合局麻用于清醒患者中心靜脈置管可以提供完善的鎮痛及良好的舒適度。另外,研究[24]發現側腦室內注射右美,同樣可以產生鎮痛作用,且無神經毒性效應。
2鎮痛機制
2.1外周水平 右美直接抑制外周神經C纖維和Aα纖維從而發揮鎮痛作用[25]。研究[26、27]表明外周應用右美可以產生一定的鎮痛作用。Brummett等[28]認為可能與右美阻滯了超極化激活環核苷酸門控通道陽離子電流有關,Yang等[29]的研究結果進一步證實了這一觀點。
2.2中樞水平 右美在中樞水平發揮鎮痛效應主要是通過作用于中樞的α受體:①激動脊髓突觸前、后膜上的α2受體,使細胞產生超極化,從而抑制疼痛信號向中樞傳遞[30]。Nazarian等[31]報道右美通過激動脊髓α2受體在大鼠福爾馬林痛覺模型上產生鎮痛作用,結合α2受體各亞型(A、B和C)在動物脊髓上的分布認為,右美脊髓水平鎮痛作用主要由A型α2受體決定的。Li 等[32]在老鼠坐骨神經慢性壓迫性損傷模型中研究發現,右美在脊髓激活α2受體活化蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)從而產生鎮痛作用。②抑制藍斑核以及投射到脊髓的下行α2受體,減少P物質及其他傷害性肽類的釋放,從而終止疼痛的信號轉導[33]。
3小結
右美可以多選擇(術前、術中、術后)、多途徑(滴鼻、局部、椎管內、靜脈)、多方式(單用、伍用)用藥。圍術期應用右美可以獲得良好的鎮靜鎮痛,減少應激反應,維持循環穩定,減少麻醉藥物用量,提高患者舒適度,且不良反應少。值得注意的是,右美可以導致嚴重的心動過緩,椎管內用藥安全性也有待證實。相信隨著更進一步的了解,右美在臨床中將扮演更多更重要的角色。
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