劉 燕,張 霞
重慶醫科大學附屬第二醫院消化內科,重慶 400010
身體成分與非酒精性脂肪性肝病相關性研究進展
劉 燕,張 霞
重慶醫科大學附屬第二醫院消化內科,重慶 400010
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)發病率逐年上升,其易并發多種代謝性疾病。身體成分包括脂肪成分和非脂成分,與NAFLD關系密切,其相關指標有助于預測NAFLD發病及進展。本文對身體成分與NAFLD相關性作一概述,以期通過改善身體成分作為預防和治療NAFLD的方式之一。
身體成分;非酒精性脂肪性肝病
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一種與胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)及炎癥反應相關的代謝性疾病。身體成分與NAFLD的發生、發展及并發癥的發生關系密切相關。現就身體成分與NAFLD間的關聯及其臨床應用的研究進展作一概述。
身體成分指身體各組織的總成分,包括脂肪成分和非脂成分及其分布。前者總稱體脂,后者稱瘦體質量,瘦體質量包括肌肉、骨骼、皮膚、血液、內臟器官等。體脂含量占體質量百分比稱體脂率。
身體成分有諸多測量方法。其中人體測量法可用于預測脂肪量及分布,包括體質量、體質量指數(body mass index,BMI)、皮褶厚度、腰圍、臀圍、大腿圍、腰臀比、腰身比等[1]。雙能X線法、水下稱重法、生物電阻抗法可用于評估體脂含量、瘦體質量及體脂率[2]。超聲、CT及磁共振成像(MRI)可用于評估區域脂肪分布[3],如皮下及內臟脂肪。
NAFLD發病機制復雜,“二次打擊”學說占主要地位。初次打擊主要指IR和脂質代謝紊亂所致的肝細胞脂質沉積,再次打擊是氧化應激及脂質過氧化反應。同時,細胞因子與炎癥反應既參與初次打擊脂肪肝形成,也參與再次打擊中肝纖維化的啟動與進展。而身體成分被證實與IR及炎癥反應關系密切。
2.1 瘦體質量 Barsalani等[4]發現瘦體質量減少可增強絕經期婦女炎癥反應,獨立地引起高敏C反應蛋白升高。另Fornari等[5]研究顯示瘦體質量較高者表現為較低的穩態模型胰島素抵抗指數(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR),即瘦體質量與IR呈負相關,即瘦體質量低者易發NAFLD,甚至增加死亡率。但Linder等[6]研究顯示在青少年男性中瘦體質量較高者IR亦較強,女性則不然。這與男性隨年齡變化的睪酮相關,其既能增加身高和肌肉量,也能增加血清胰島素及HOMA-IR。然而,成人瘦體質量則主要與鍛煉引起的骨骼肌增加相關。故瘦體質量與IR甚至NAFLD的相關性受年齡及性別影響。
2.2 體脂重 脂肪分布包括外周脂肪與腹部脂肪,腹部脂肪又含皮下脂肪與內臟脂肪。Ayonrinde等[7]發現脂肪分布男女有異,男性有較高內臟脂肪而女性則有較高皮下脂肪。體脂及脂肪分布在NAFLD發生、發展中起重要作用,同時或存在性別差異。
2.2.1 總脂:高BMI、高脂肪量及高體脂率與NAFLD明顯相關[3]。然而Saida等[8]納入1 851名男性和1 259名女性研究發現,BMI和體脂率的交互作用對NAFLD的影響只存在于男性,而非女性。同時他們發現無論性別,年齡>20歲者體質量增加超過10 kg與脂肪肝明顯相關。IR、炎癥反應、高脂血癥、高胰島素血癥與BMI密切相關[1],意味著高脂肪量者易發生代謝綜合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)及心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)。因此有學者[9]認為BMI可作為體脂量及體脂率的代表,預測脂肪肝的進展及其并發癥的發生。但這個理論是否存在性別差異有待進一步研究。
2.2.2 外周脂肪:Jun等[10]指出在女性中大腿脂肪減少為NAFLD獨立危險因素,而在男性中則未表現。同時無論男女,大腿脂肪均與許多代謝危險因素呈負相關,包括HOMA-IR、甘油三酯、谷丙轉氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)和載脂蛋白B。類似地,有研究[11]報道外周脂肪對脂肪肝起保護作用。但缺乏更多關于性別差異的證據。Cheung等[12]在2007年報道了在成人中頸背部脂肪與炎癥反應及肝纖維化相關,加重NAFLD進展。但此結論缺乏近期的研究。
2.2.3 皮下脂肪:目前關于皮下脂肪對NAFLD的發生、發展起抑制或促進作用尚存爭議。Gealekman等[13]認為健康皮下脂肪組織對脂肪肝起保護作用,因為脂肪形成需要血管,皮下脂肪組織比內臟脂肪有更好的儲脂作用及促進血管生成的能力,可減少內臟脂肪。另Borel等[14]發現皮下脂肪可以分泌脂聯素及促進β細胞釋放胰島素,減輕IR。但隨著皮下脂肪聚集增多超負荷,其功能異常導致血管生成能力及儲脂能力下降,更多的脂肪轉移至內臟,這個過程涉及到基因表達、IR、炎癥反應及脂肪壓力[13-15]。因此,健康的皮下脂肪對NAFLD發生、發展及T2DM等并發癥出現具有保護作用,而受損的皮下脂肪則起相反作用。尚需進一步研究探索皮下脂肪健康與受損之間的界限。
2.2.4 內臟脂肪:研究[11]表明,包括肝臟、腸系膜、網膜在內的內臟脂肪與NAFLD的發生及惡化相關,如非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)及肝纖維化。同時它是NAFLD患者發生T2DM及CVD的重要危險因素[14]。另外,內臟脂肪被證實與ALT相關[11],其為NAFLD中的一種早期生物學指標[16]。在健康人中內臟脂肪為NAFLD臨床發作前的表現,能預測其發生。某研究[17]在獲取患者肝病理的基礎上發現,在無MS及T2DM的非肥胖者中,內臟脂肪亦與各種程度NAFLD相關,其預測價值優于BMI及皮下脂肪。Ayonrinde等[7]發現相同腰圍下男性比女性有更多內臟脂肪,正符合了男性脂肪肝患者進展更迅速的現象。然而,Fracanzani等[18]研究顯示內臟脂肪影響MS及NAFLD的發生率及臨床表現,但并不影響肝損傷的嚴重程度及NASH肝纖維化的發生。
此外,研究[19]發現增加的心外膜脂肪與BMI、腰圍呈正相關,同時在校正腹部脂肪等傳統指標后發現其與NAFLD獨立相關。這表明心外膜脂肪影響腹部脂肪代謝,其中涉及到系統性IR、血管及免疫細胞的炎癥反應。
內臟脂肪與代謝性疾病相關性涉及到諸多機制。首先,內臟脂肪相關的促炎基因轉錄作為先決條件使CD11c+CD206+和CCR2+的巨噬細胞膨脹,分泌促炎因子[20]。增加的趨化因子及脂肪因子包括白介素6、白介素8、腫瘤壞死因子、抵抗素,而抗炎因子(脂聯素、瘦素、白介素10)則降低[21]。而這些因子將影響炎癥反應、氧化代謝、能量消耗、內皮功能及脂肪分布[22],從而影響NAFLD及其他代謝疾病。其次,研究[23]發現腹部脂肪與系統性IR相關,獨立于年齡、性別,因細胞脂質沉積破壞胰島素信號轉導途徑。NAFLD及MS則為系統性IR的產物。另外,內臟脂肪相鄰解剖結構引起相關血管及代謝疾病,如肝內脂肪代謝物可通過肝內血管肝內傳播,腸系膜、大網膜等處代謝產物可通過門靜脈系統入肝而造成肝損傷[24]。
3.1 疾病預測 既然身體成分與代謝性疾病發生、發展、轉歸密切相關,這對臨床預測、預防、治療疾病有指導意義。研究[1]發現,BMI、腰圍、腰身比與體脂量及體脂率相關,而體脂量和體脂率與NAFLD相關。相較內臟脂肪,腰圍、腰身比與皮下脂肪關聯更密切,而軀干四肢脂肪比、腰臀比則與內臟脂肪關聯最密切[25]。因此,BMI、腰圍、腰身比、腰臀比可作為普篩項目來預測NAFLD。Monteiro等[3]認為腰圍作為一個特異性高于敏感性的指標,在兒童和成人中對NAFLD均有高預測價值。Kim等[26]發現在韓國男性中脂肪指數聯合腰身比相較其他指標對代謝因素有最佳預測效果。而體脂率及體脂分布尤其內臟脂肪更與NAFLD和MS相關,預測價值高。因此,人們可及時監測身體成分相關指標,其異常結果有助于醫者在看似正常人群中預測和預防NAFLD發生,同時在疾病期有針對地減肥治療,避免嚴重并發癥的發生。
3.2 綜合治療 長期飲食調節(包括減少反式脂肪酸、果糖和增加多不飽和脂肪酸)可降低BMI,減少脂肪量、皮下及內臟脂肪,進而改善NAFLD患者肝功能[27]。此外,有氧運動尤其抗阻訓練可減少總脂肪量、軀干脂肪和增加瘦體質量,從而改善炎癥反應、IR及肝纖維化[28]。近期Meta分析[29]展現了減肥手術治療病態肥胖合并NAFLD的優越性,其可使BMI平均下降15.13,腹部脂肪亦有不同程度下降。其可改善IR及慢性炎癥,表現為不加重各階段肝纖維化,同時降低肝脂肪變性、肝氣球樣變、小葉炎癥及HOMA-IR。但關于手術遠期副反應報道少,且在肝硬化患者中有效性及安全性尚不明確,需大樣本研究及長期隨訪。Marchesini等[30]對手術者(十二指腸轉位術、膽胰分流術、胃旁路術、胃束帶術、袖狀胃減容術)隨訪12個月,用BAROS評估生活質量、體質量減輕量、臨床條件、并發癥、再手術率等,發現十二指腸轉位術評分最高。關于減肥藥物,研究[31]認為脂肪因子類的胰淀素受體激動劑(普蘭林肽)和瘦素類似物(曲美普汀)均能減少體脂及內臟脂肪,但副作用較大。而納洛酮和丁胺苯丙酮融合的緩釋劑(納曲酮)、選擇性5羥色胺受體激動劑(氯卡色林)、GLP-1受體(利拉魯肽)及脂肪酶抑制劑(奧利司他)均能降低脂肪,但缺乏遠期不良反應觀察。總之,生活方式干預聯合減重手術可改善患者身體成分,最終改善NAFLD等代謝病。
總脂及脂肪分布與NAFLD發生發展轉歸及其并發癥的出現明顯相關,人體測量學指標有助于預測NAFLD發病及進展風險,并通過改善身體成分的綜合治療可達到預防和治療疾病的目的。但仍待進一步研究明確何種指標對NAFLD預測效果最佳,是否存在年齡及性別差異,及針對改善生活方式無效者如何通過更安全有效的藥物減少腹部脂肪以改善NAFLD。
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Progress of the correlation between body composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
LIU Yan,ZHANG Xia
Department of Gastroenterology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400010,China
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing year by year,which can develop into multiple metabolic diseases. Body composition,containing fat mass and lean mass,is closely related with NAFLD. Some correlative indicators can be used to predict risk and progress of NAFLD. This article will summarize the correlation between body composition and NAFLD,aiming to prevent and treat NAFLD through improving body composition.
Body composition; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
劉燕,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向:肝病。E-mail:jianjian200909@163.com
張霞,博士,教授,主任醫師,研究方向:肝病與代謝綜合征。E-mail:sunnyzhangx@gmail.com
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.04.004
R575.5
A
1006-5709(2016)04-0375-03
2015-07-11