□張祥美
there be “有”你更精彩
□張祥美
there be句型是常見的一種簡單句,其謂語在前,主語在后,屬于主謂倒裝結構,意思是“……有……”,今天我們一起來看看“there be句型”的精彩展示。
【展示一】there be結構的意義及形式
there be結構主要用于表達“某處(某時)有某人(某物)”,其基本句型為“There be +某物或某人+某地或某時”,其中there是引導詞,本身沒有意義;be是謂語動詞,“某人或某物”是句子的主語;“某地或某時”一般是介詞短語,作句子的狀語。如:
There is a computer in my room.我的房間里有臺電腦。
引導詞謂語動詞主語(某物)介詞短語(某地)
【展示二】there be結構中的主謂一致
1. there be結構中的謂語動詞be在人稱和數上應與其后的主語保持一致。主語是不可數名詞或可數名詞單數時用is,是可數名詞復數時用are。如:
There is a man at the door.門口有個人。(可數名詞單數)
There is some money in the purse.錢包里有些錢。(不可數名詞)
There are some boys under the tree.樹下有一些男孩。(可數名詞復數)
2.若句子中有幾個并列的主語時,be的形式要與離其最近的一個主語在人稱和數上保持一致。如:
There is a boy,a girl and two women in the house.房子里有一個男孩、一個女孩和兩個婦女。
There are ten students and a teacher in the office.辦公室里有十個學生和一個教師。
另外,在陳述句中為了強調地點,也可將介詞短語提置句首。如:
In the tree there are five birds.樹上有五只鳥。
【展示三】there be結構的否定句和疑問句
1. there be結構的否定句:there be的否定式通常在be后加not構成(口語中be時常與not縮寫在一起,is和not縮寫為isn’t,are和not縮寫為aren’t)。如果句中有some,一般要變成any。如:
There are some children in the picture.圖畫里有些孩子。
→There aren’t any children in the picture.圖畫里沒有一些孩子。
There is some milk in the bottle.瓶子里有些牛奶。
→There isn’t any milk in the bottle.瓶子里沒有牛奶。
2. there be結構的一般疑問句及其答語:一般疑問句是把be提到there前,首字母大寫,句末用問號。其肯定回答是:“Yes,there is/are.”,否定回答為:“No,there isn’t/aren’t.”。如:
—Are there two cats in the tree?樹上有兩只貓嗎?
—Yes,there are.是的,有。(No,there aren’t.不,沒有。)
3. there be結構的特殊疑問句及其答語:
①對句子主語(包括主語前的修飾語)進行提問時,句型一律用“What is +地點介詞短語”(無論主語是單數還是復數都用is)。如:
There are some kites in the tree.→What’s in the tree?
②對there be后面的地點狀語進行提問時,句型用“Where is/are +主語?”。如:
There is a car in the street.→Where is the car?
③對可數名詞(主語)前面的數量進行提問時,用how many,句型結構為“How many +復數名詞+ are there +介詞短語?”(無論主語是單數還是復數,be通常要用are)。如:
There is a cat under the bed.→How many cats are there under the bed?
④對不可數名詞(主語)前面的數量進行提問時,用how much,句型結構為“How much +不可數名詞+ is there +介詞短語?”。如:
There is a lot of rice in my bag.→How much rice is there inyour bag?
【展示四】there be與have(got)的區別
there be與have都表示“有”的意思,但它們的含義不同。there be表示的是“存在”之意,而have表示的卻是“擁有;所有”,強調主語和賓語的所屬關系,它的主語一般是人(有時也可以是物)。如:
There is a car in front of the school gate.學校門前有輛小汽車。(強調車在學校門前)
I have a car.我有一輛小汽車。(強調車歸我所有)
【補給站】當這兩個“有”的句型中含有some時,改為否定句或疑問句時要改為any。如:
There is some water in the glass.→There isn’t any water in the glass. Peter has got some fruit.→Peter has not got any fruit.
如果表示部分或整體的所有關系時,have/has與there be結構常常表示相同的意思,兩者可以互相轉換。如:
A week has seven days.(= There are seven days in a week.)一周有七天。
【練一練】
一、按要求改寫下列句子。
1. There are some pictures on the wall.(改為否定句)
There____ ____ ____pictures on the wall.
2. There is some water in the bottle.(改為一般疑問句)
____ ____ ____water in the bottle?
3. There aresome chairsnear the window.(對劃線部分提問)
____near the window?
4. There aretwobikes under the tree.(對劃線部分提問)
____ ____ ____are there under the tree?
5. There isa littleorange juice in the bottle.(對劃線部分提問)
____ ____ ____ ____is there in the bottle?
【參考答案】
一、1. are not any 2. Is there any 3. What’s 4. How many bikes 5. How much orange juice