馮煒紅,杜學明
·前沿進展·
非小細胞肺癌患者表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑耐藥機制及其治療方案的研究進展
馮煒紅,杜學明
表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR TKIs)是伴有表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)基因突變的非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的一線治療藥物之一,其可有效延長患者總生存期,但部分患者存在耐藥問題。新型EGFR TKIs、EGFR TKIs聯合治療、免疫治療及個體化治療有望解決NSCLC患者EGFR TKIs耐藥問題。本文就NSCLC患者EGFR TKI耐藥機制及其治療方案的研究進展進行綜述。
癌,非小細胞肺;蛋白酪氨酸激酶類;耐藥;臨床方案
馮煒紅,杜學明.非小細胞肺癌患者表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑耐藥機制及其治療方案的研究進展[J].實用心腦肺血管病雜志,2016,24(12):1-4.[www.syxnf.net]
FENG W H,DU X M.Progress on resistance mechanism and treatment protocols of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(12):1-4.
肺癌是世界范圍內常見惡性腫瘤之一,也是導致患者死亡的主要原因[1]。研究表明,采用表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR TKIs)治療的非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者預后優于以鉑類藥物為基礎的聯合化療方案,調節表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)通路及其靶向治療可在一定程度改善晚期NSCLC患者整體治療效果。
EGFR基因突變是NSCLC的生物學標志之一,也是其治療靶點。研究表明,EGFR可通過激活酪氨酸激酶而控制細胞增殖和生長,最終導致腫瘤的發生發展,其中外顯子19缺失和外顯子21(Leu858Arg)點突變是常見的EGFR基因突變類型,占90%以上[2]。在美國,吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、阿法替尼等小分子EGFR TKIs已用于伴有EGFR基因突變的NSCLC患者的一線治療,經EGFR TKIs治療的NSCLC患者中位無進展生存時間(PFS)一般為10~13個月,但EGFR TKIs的原發性或獲得性耐藥問題較為突出。本文就NSCLC患者EGFR TKI耐藥機制及其治療方案的研究進展進行綜述如下。
EGFR TKIs耐藥類型主要分為原發性耐藥和獲得性耐藥,其中原發性耐藥指EGFR TKIs初治NSCLC效果不佳,而獲得性耐藥是指NSCLC經EGFR TKIs治療獲益一段時間后病變進展。
1.1 原發性耐藥 出現原發性耐藥患者多存在非經典EGFR突變,少數患者存在典型EGFR突變(外顯子19缺失和Leu858Arg點突變),而在伴有非典型EGFR基因突變的耐藥NSCLC患者中,外顯子20插入率為4%~10%。此外,分子和基因改變也可能會降低NSCLC患者對EGFR TKIs的敏感性,如BIM基因多態性改變[3],低、中水平BIM mRNA表達等[4]。也有研究表明,胰島素樣生長因子受體1(IGF1R)、核因子κB(NF-κB)通路、肝細胞生長因子過表達、間質向上皮轉化增多、間變性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)融合、肺癌干細胞通過notch3依賴的信號通路激活STAT3-IL6通路均可降低體外NSCLC細胞株對EGFR TKIs的敏感性[5-10]。
1.2 獲得性耐藥 GANDARA等[11]根據腫瘤進展程度將EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥NSCLC患者分為中樞神經系統轉移、局部進展和全身轉移,其中中樞神經系統轉移和局部轉移患者可經局部治療(手術、放療或聯合治療)后再進行EGFR TKIs治療[12],而全身轉移患者出現EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥機制又可分為EGFR繼發性突變、旁路或替代信號通路激活、組織學和表型轉化。
1.2.1 EGFR繼發性突變 50%~60%的EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥NSCLC患者存在EGFR外顯子20第790位(Thr790Met)蘇氨酸殘基被蛋氨酸(MET)取代[13],而MET側鏈可造成空間位阻,影響吉非替尼、厄洛替尼等EGFR TKIs結合ATP激酶位點[14]。此外,Thr790Met突變還可提高ATP與EGFR TKIs的親和性,繼而競爭性抑制EGFR與EGFR TKIs的結合,導致獲得性耐藥[15]。也有研究表明,<10%的EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥NSCLC患者存在EGFR點突變,包括Asp761Tyr、Thr854Ala和Leu747Ser[16-18],但其具體機制目前尚不明確。
1.2.2 旁路或替代信號通路激活 5%~10%的EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥NSCLC患者存在MET擴增,而MET擴增可導致HER3磷酸化,繼而激活PI3K/AKT下游信號通路[13]。Thr790Met和MET擴增可同時出現,但MET擴增多是單獨出現。肝細胞生長因子屬MET基因蛋白配體,其過表達可誘導EGFR TKIs耐藥[7]。臨床研究表明,PIK3CA突變(占5%)、HER2擴增(占12%)、BRAF突變(占1%)、受體酪氨酸激酶AXL(占20%)及其配體GAS6(占25%)過表達均可造成NSCLC患者出現EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥[19-22]。
1.2.3 組織學和表型轉化 研究表明,EGFR TKIs可使EGFR突變的腺癌轉化為小細胞肺癌(SCLC),而3%~14%的EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥NSCLC患者存在SCLC[13,23]。SEQUIST等[19]研究發現,37例NSCLC患者中2例患者存在上皮向間質轉化,即腫瘤細胞失去上皮細胞功能并轉化成表達波形蛋白的梭形間質細胞[24]。
“美國國立綜合癌癥網絡(NCCN)”[25]指南推薦經EGFR TKIs一線治療后出現全身轉移的NSCLC患者采用含鉑類藥物聯合化療方案,但目前尚缺少足夠的臨床證據支持。GOLDBERG等[26]進行的回顧性研究表明,NSCLC患者二線治療有效率為14%~18%,中位PFS約為4個月,而由于EGFR突變多存在于腺癌或非鱗癌患者,因此臨床可采用順鉑聯合培美曲塞治療,幸存者可繼續采用序貫培美曲塞維持治療,但也有部分患者選擇繼續采用EGFR TKIs治療。
與耐藥克隆相比,病變進展的克隆異質性是構成EGFR TKIs治療中斷后TKIs敏感克隆快速再生長的基礎[27]。CHAFT等[28]研究結果顯示,61例存在EGFR突變的肺癌患者中斷TKIs治療后疾病迅速進展(中位PFS<8 d)者14例,占23%。但有Ⅲ期臨床試驗表明,存在EGFR突變的肺癌患者持續應用吉非替尼會對總生存期產生不良影響,因此不應將EGFR TKIs長期治療作為病變進展患者的常規治療手段[29]。
2.1 二代EGFR TKIs 一代EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥問題促進了二代EGFR TKIs的研發,而解決獲得性耐藥問題的可能途徑包括不可逆地結合EGFR/HER1結構域、泛HER抑制劑、阻斷配體二聚化(即HER2或HER4)及降低Thr790Met突變的NSCLC細胞活性[30],但治療窗窄和毒副作用(常見劑量限制性毒副作用包括腹瀉和皮疹)仍是二代EGFR TKIs研發過程中的主要困擾。阿法替尼屬二代EGFR TKIs,目前英國國家健康臨床優化研究所(NICE)已批準阿法替尼作為EGFR TKIs一線治療的選擇藥物之一;MILLER等[31]研究表明,阿法替尼可有效提高NSCLC患者部分緩解率,延長PFS,但并不能達到改善患者總生存期的目的。
2.2 三代EGFR TKIs 三代EGFR TKIs可通過抑制Thr790Met突變而減少獲得性耐藥,但對于野生型EGFR無效,而抑制野生型EGFR表達可減輕其毒副作用、延長治療窗。AZD9291和rociletinib是目前常用的三代EGFR TKIs,其均屬不可逆性抑制劑,臨床主要根據其毒副作用和患者耐受性而進行選擇。
2.3 藥物聯合治療 藥物聯合治療是克服EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥的策略之一,其主要通過靶向平行信號通路、垂直EGFR信號通路(聯合EGFR阻滯)或兩者聯合而達到減少耐藥的目的。
2.3.1 平行信號通路 平行信號通路藥物聯合治療策略通過抑制EGFR通路信號而增強旁路信號通路,包括MET抑制劑、PI3K抑制劑、熱休克蛋白90抑制劑和JAK抑制劑聯合EGFR TKIs。
2.3.2 垂直EGFR信號通路 REGALES等[32]采用阿法替尼聯合西妥昔單抗(EGFR靶點的抗體)干預EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥肺癌細胞,結果顯示其對厄洛替尼耐藥的人腫瘤異種移植瘤(LEU858Arg或Thr790Met突變)的干預效果確切。
2.4 免疫治療 AKBAY等[33]研究表明,PD-1通路激活可導致EGFR突變所致肺癌患者發生免疫逃避,但目前EGFR TKIs聯合免疫治療的Ⅰ期試驗正在進行中,研究結果還有待發表;常用免疫治療藥物包括PD-1單克隆抗體和抗PDL-1單克隆抗體。
2.5 個體化治療 個體化治療是指針對NSCLC患者具體耐藥機制而進行有針對性的治療,但獲得新的或重復的組織活檢標本存在諸多困難,如患者因素(安全性或耐受性)、醫生偏好或條件限制(多數病變進展患者無法重復活檢),因此個體化治療相關研究仍處于探索階段。MURTAZA等[34]建議采集肺癌患者血液對循環腫瘤細胞進行分析,或分離血漿提煉無細胞循環腫瘤DNA(ctDNA),即進行液體活檢;研究證實,ctDNA廣泛外顯子分析可識別多種晚期實體瘤與獲得性耐藥相關的突變,也可監測到活化的EGFR突變和Thr790Met突變,等位基因突變可監測EGFR TKIs治療期間疾病狀態。研究表明,循環腫瘤細胞可監測EGFR突變且與活檢結果一致性較高[35],還可監測Thr790Met耐藥克隆發展情況[36]。由于液體活檢較重復腫瘤組織活檢操作便捷且可在一定程度上指導患者制定個體化治療方案,因此應深入研究EGFR突變亞型對藥物反應的影響,以更好地指導臨床選擇確切有效的EGFR TKIs,改善NSCLC患者預后。
經EGFR TKIs治療后病變進展的NSCLC患者屬異質性群體,Thr790Met突變是其最常見耐藥機制,目前含鉑類藥物聯合化療是EGFR TKIs獲得性耐藥NSCLC患者經驗性治療的主流選擇,而藥物治療、免疫治療及個體化治療是今后的研究方向。
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(本文編輯:李越娜)
Progress on Resistance Mechanism and Treatment Protocols of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
FENGWei-hong,DUXue-ming.
DepartmentofOncology,BeichenHospital,Tianjin300400,China
DUXue-ming,DepartmentofOncology,BeichenHospital,Tianjin300400,China;E-mail:duxueming_1973@sohu.com
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR TKIs)is one of first-line treatment drugs for non-small cell lung cancer patients with gene mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),can effectively lengthen the overall survival,but some patients may exist drug resistance problems.New type EGFR TKIs,combination therapy of EGFR TKIs,immunotherapy and individualized treatment are helpful to solve the drug resistance problems.This paper reviewed related papers about progress on resistance mechanism and treatment protocols of EGFR TKIs in patients with NSCLC.
Carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;Protein-tyrosine kinases;Resistance;Clinical protocols
國家自然科學基金(81372843)
300400天津市,北辰醫院腫瘤科
杜學明,300400天津市,北辰醫院腫瘤科;E-mail:duxueming_1973@sohu.com
R 730.26
A
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.12.001
2016-09-05;
2016-12-09)