吳春媯
(霞浦第一中學,福建霞浦355100)
創設情境依托語篇回歸語用
——對一節市級語法復習公開課的教學案例分析
吳春媯
(霞浦第一中學,福建霞浦355100)
語法教學是高中英語教學的重點和難點,也是教師“教”與學生“學”的過程中很難突破的一個瓶頸。傳統的語法教學總是離不開語言規則的講解與分析,而這種教學,受到抽象的語法術語及枯燥的練習的束縛,很難達到教師預設的教學效果。本文以人教版英語模塊八第四單元的語法內容“復習過去分詞作狀語的用法”為教學案例,分析在語法教學過程中,通過設置情境,增強趣味性,提高學生學習語法的興趣;依托語篇,使語法學習語篇化,讓學生在語篇素材的輸入中,理解語法的形式與意義,并以語篇為單位,訓練學生的語言輸出應用能力。
語法復習;情境;語篇
在英語教學過程中,語法教學是抽象的,掌握運用難度大,但又非常重要。在傳統的語法教學中,通常是教師呈現語法定義,舉例講解語法規則,然后學生以句子為單位進行操練。這樣的語法教學不僅達不到期望的教學效果,而且抽象的語法概念反而會增加學生的學習負擔,引發學生對語法學習的恐懼感。新課程理念下的語法教學強調教師應精心創設情境,通過使用生動、有趣且包含語法現象的語篇材料讓學生從中體會所學語言,在語篇中合理運用語法知識。[1]筆者將以本人市級語法復習公開課為例,闡述根據新課程,創設貼近學生生活的情境,使語法教學生活化、生動化及具體化;以語篇為依托,培養學生的語篇意識及語感的教學思想。
本節課的教學內容是人教版高二英語Module 8,Unit 4中的learning about language,該部分主要是復習動詞的過去分詞作狀語的用法。整個教學過程通過創設貼近學生生活的情境,借助多媒體的動畫效果,圍繞著“學生的生活”這一條主線展開,以語篇為依托,在語篇中感受語法形式及意義,實現正確運用語法知識的教學效果。
(一)在故事情境中導入語法復習主題
[教學片斷1]
在課前,筆者就交指定班長為大家講述本班故事。在將故事呈現在PPT上的同時,利用多媒體的動畫效果,為該故事配上了背景音樂——該班的班歌,以及相應的班級活動照片。故事如下:
Lead-in
A story of Class 8
We still remember the day when we first met each other.Entering Class 8,we saw lovely faces.We were very excited,because we found ourselves surrounded by a group of lovely boys and girls.At the same time,we were worried because of the unknown world.
As time went by,things changed.Accepted by the big family,everyone plays a part in it.Known as“the best singer of Class 8”,Xiaoji is good at speaking.Influenced by the big smile of Lancheng,Xinying is now an outgoing girl.In a word,interested in each other,everyone found his place in the big family.
However,unhappy things happened now and then. Criticized by Miss.Wu,Junwei was unhappy.Beaten black and blue,Zhihong was in a low mood.Left alone in class,Fanlin felt lonely.Anyway,this is life,containing both the happy moments and sad moments.
In the past,defeated many times,we didn’t lose heart. Given another chance,we would succeed.Using our wisdom and knowledge,we will make a difference in the future.We always remember“United,we stand;divided,we fall”.We will keep fighting every day and never give up.
[評析]該故事由筆者自己編寫,故事的主人公是本班學生,內容圍繞學生生活展開,貼近學生生活,易引起學生對教學內容的關注。以生活故事情境作為導入,減輕學生對語法學習的負擔,讓學生能夠在一種輕松的氛圍中學習,使抽象的語法具體化、生活化。同時,在這個過程中,通過回顧自己的學習生活,對學生進行了情感教育。
該故事中的所有句子都體現了過去分詞作狀語的各種用法。將語法內容以語篇的形式呈現給學生,讓學生通過有趣且包含語法現象的句子,體會并感受語法形式,擺脫了傳統單純的以句子呈現語法知識的孤立感。同時,一定的語言輸入也為下一環節,語篇中的改錯練習做了鋪墊。
(二)在語篇中體會語法形式與意義
[教學片斷2]
接下來,筆者將導入環節的故事進行重新設置,將其轉換成一篇短文改錯。該語篇圍繞過去分詞的用法,有意設置了10處語病,并讓學生在規定的時間內完成個人的自主學習,完成后以小組為單位進行討論,小組代表反饋學習情況。最后師生之間就圍繞學習過程中遇到的問題展開教學。任務如下:
Task 1 Error Correction
A story of Class 8
We still remember the day when we first met each other.Entered Class 8,we saw lovely faces.We were very excited,because we found ourselves surrounding by a group of lovely boys and girls.At the same time,we were worrying because of the unknown world.
As time went by,things changed.Accepting by the big family,everyone played a part in it.Knowing as“the best singer of Class 8”,Xiaoji was good at speaking.Influencing by the big smile of Lancheng,Xinying is now an outgoing girl.In a word,Interesting in each other,everyone found his place in the big family.
However,unhappy things happened now and then. Criticizing by Miss.Wu,Junwei was unhappy.Beating black and blue,Zhihong was in a low mood.Leaving alone in class,Fanlin felt lonely.Anyway,this is life,contained both the happy moments and sad moments.
In the past,defeated by other classes,we didn’t lose heart.Giving another chance,we would succeed.Used our wisdom and knowledge,we will make a difference in the future.We always remember“United,we stand;divided,we fall”.We will keep fighting every day and never give up.(備注:紅色字體表示該處需要糾錯。)
[評析]該環節,同樣依托語篇,在上一環節可理解性輸入的基礎上,檢測學生語法知識掌握及語言輸出情況。指導學生觀察、注意并總結語篇中包含的目標語法形式及意義。同時,通過個別學習及組內合作的方式,培養了學生的自主學習意識及小組合作意識。
(三)在語篇中鞏固語法知識
[教學片斷3]在這一環節,筆者針對分詞的用法創設了一個故事情境。要求學生在規定的時間內,用動詞的適當形式填空。先是學生自主完成,之后以小組為單位進行討論答疑。故事如下:
Task 2 Grammar filling----another story of Class 8
Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words given.
The other day,1.(inspire)by his mother’s words,Shilin made up his mind to work hard.Known for his hardworking and humor,Kangqing was popular among his classmates.2.(impress)by Kangqing’s spirit,Shilin asked him to set up a study group.3.(worry)about her grade,Mengling was eager to join in the study group.4.(face)with difficult problems,she would think of the group.Gradually,she made progress.
However,both Kangqing and Shilin failed the English examination.They explained that 5.(give)more time,they would finish the test.That’s to say,time 6.(permit),they would succeed.7.(know)this,their teacher realized it necessary to have a talk with them.Kangqing walked into the teachers'office,8.(follow)by Shilin.9.(criticize)by the teacher,they felt uneasy.Then,they were asked to write a report of reflection.Work 10.(do),they went home.
[評析]通過語篇情境檢測學生本節語法知識的學習、掌握及應用的結果。故事的引入,增強了學生學習的好奇心,擺脫學生做語法檢測練習的負重感。同時,語法填空是福建高考改革的新題型,在課堂上實現了與高考的鏈接。
(四)以語篇為單位,回歸運用
[教學片斷4]在課堂最后,筆者給學生一項“創造性寫作”的任務,要求學生圍繞小組的學習生活,當堂完成一篇80字左右的小短文,所寫短文要包含至少5句含有過去分詞作狀語的句子。寫作要求如下:
Task 3 Creative writing
Write a short passage about your group members,using at least five sentences containing the structures of the past participle as adverbial.You can choose some of the words below.
move;defeat;follow;laugh at;influence,encourage;criticize;leave alone;follow;
在學生動筆寫作前,考慮到時間有限,為了降低任務難度,筆者通過PPT向學生呈現了一篇范文。該范文通過生動形象的語法例句,虛構了部分同學的故事。范文如下:
Example:
The other day,I said“Junwei can be crazy sometimes.”Criticized by me,Junwei felt blue.Walkingaround the campus,he came across Zhihong. Laughed at by Zhinhong,Junwei had a fight with him. Beatenblackandblue,Junweibecamedepressed. However,deep in his heart,he remembered his father’s words“Defeated many times,you still have to move on.”That’s to say,faced with unhappy things,one still has to be happy.Then,Junwei found his courage to work hard.
(備注:劃橫線部分為過去分詞的用法,這樣做是為了在語言輸入過程中,讓學生引起注意。)
[評析]本環節是本課的語法學習的另一個更高層次的輸出。以書面表達的形式運用所學,給學生更多靈活運用語言的空間。該任務通過關鍵詞的提示以及范文的演示,降低了學習的難度。此外,該任務圍繞學生生活展開,任務的設置貼近學生生活,使學生有更多可以表達的內容。
語言只有在一定的情境中運用才能正確理解,真正掌握。[2]在本節課的語法復習教學中,沒有對語法概念及規則展開講解,實現了語法結構的隱形化。筆者以學生自己的生活情境導入,激發學習興趣;以學生自己的生活情境設置語篇,檢測學習效果,再創設生活故事情境,提高了語言運用能力,同時進行了情感教育。教學過程始終圍繞學生生活,生活中學語法,用語法,形象生動,富有情趣,充分體現在學習過程中掌握語言運用的方法。
高中英語語法教學要創設有效情境,以激發學生興趣并幫助其認識語法形式,語法學習語篇化,使學生在輸入和輸出中體會語言交際功能,并滲透情感教育。[3]從生活中取材,在生活中學習,為生活服務,培養了學生熱愛生活,服務生活的意識。筆者愿意作更深入的探討研究,更期望拋磚引玉,得到大方之家的指教。
[1]覃媛.創設情境,強調語篇,回歸運用——由一節語法復習課引發的思考[J].新課程學習,2013(2).
[2]柳麗娟.高中英語語法復習教學之我見[J].新課程研究,2008(2).
[3]孫芷萱.對一節高中英語語法課的反思[J].英語教師,2013(8).
(責任編輯:周大明)