賈國榮 張建 程超 李翠翠 馮菲 邱爽 左長京
200433 上海,第二軍醫大學長海醫院核醫學科
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·論著·
18F-FDG PET/CT代謝參數在局灶性自身免疫性胰腺炎和胰腺癌鑒別診斷中的應用
賈國榮張建程超李翠翠馮菲邱爽左長京
200433上海,第二軍醫大學長海醫院核醫學科
【摘要】目的探討(18)F-FDG PET/CT代謝參數在局灶性自身免疫性胰腺炎(F-AIP)與胰腺癌(PC)鑒別診斷中的價值。方法收集2011年5月至2014年12月經病理或臨床隨訪證實并行(18)F-FDG PET/CT檢查的10例F-AIP患者和20例同期經病理學證實且性別、年齡相匹配的PC患者。采用50%最大標準攝取值(SUV(max))作為閾值勾畫感興趣區,測量胰腺病灶SUV(max)、平均標準攝取值(SUV(mean))、腫瘤代謝體積(MTV)、糖酵解總量(TLG)、靶本比(TBR),并計算延遲前后各代謝參數的滯留指數(RI),分析PET/CT的形態學表現。結果F-AIP和PC均表現為局灶性代謝增高灶,F-AIP病灶位于胰頭6例、胰體尾4例,PC病灶位于胰頭12例、胰體尾8例。F-AIP組中2例主胰管擴張,6例肝內外膽管擴張,8例縱隔淋巴結代謝增高,2例腹腔淋巴結腫大;PC組上述表現分別為8、5、5、14例。F-AIP組縱隔淋巴結腫大檢出率顯著高于PC組,腹腔淋巴結腫大檢出率顯著低于PC組,差異均有統計學意義(P值均<0.05)。兩組胰管擴張率及肝內外膽管擴張率的差異均無統計學意義。F-AIP組早期顯像胰腺病灶的SUV(max)、SUV(mean)、MTV值分別為5.37±0.88、3.48±0.66、21.79±15.60,延遲期顯像分別為6.45±1.51、4.23±1.10、19.36±14.63;PC組早期為8.31±3.08、5.41±1.95、9.26±8.35,延遲期為9.75±3.86、6.36±2.56、9.09±10.71。F-AIP組SUV(max)、SUV(mean)顯著低于PC組,MTV顯著高于PC組,差異均有統計學意義(P值均<0.05)。SUV(max)、SUV(mean)、MTV的受試者工作特征曲線下面積(AUC)以早期SUV(mean)為最大,達到0.85,最佳診斷臨界值為4.45,診斷AIP的靈敏度為65%,特異度為90%。兩組患者TLG、TBR及各參數的RI差異均無統計學意義。結論(18)F-FDG PET/CT的SUV(max)、SUV(mean)、MTV等代謝參數在F-AIP與PC的鑒別診斷中有一定的參考價值。
【關鍵詞】自身免疫疾??;胰腺炎;胰腺腫瘤;體層攝影術,發射型計算機;體層攝影術,X線計算機;脫氧葡萄糖;診斷,鑒別
自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis, AIP)是一種特殊類型的慢性胰腺炎,以胰腺局部或彌漫性腫大伴有胰管不規則狹窄、類固醇激素療效顯著為特征[1-2]。AIP根據組織病理學特征可分為兩型[3],Ⅰ型為淋巴漿細胞硬化型胰腺炎,Ⅱ型為導管中心型胰腺炎。Ⅰ型AIP常見于亞洲老年男性,與IgG4系統性疾病相關,常見胰腺外器官浸潤[1,4]。根據病灶的分布特點AIP又可分為彌漫性和局灶性[2,5]。AIP與胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer, PC)的影像學表現類似,但預后不同,局灶型AIP(F-AIP)與PC的鑒別尤為困難,因此探討兩者的鑒別方法有重要臨床價值[1]。18F-FDG PET/CT是一種全身功能學顯像技術,常用于良惡性病灶的鑒別及全身情況觀察[6]。本研究收集行該項檢查的F-AIP患者資料,分析其胰腺病灶代謝參數和胰外病灶形態特點,以評價該檢查在F-AIP與PC鑒別診斷中的價值。
方法與材料
一、研究對象
收集2011年5月至2014年12月間在長海醫院行18F-FDG PET/CT檢查的F-AIP患者10例,并收集同期性別、年齡相匹配的PC患者20例。納入標準:(1)PET/CT檢查前2周內未行相關抗炎、抗腫瘤治療;(2)F-AIP是在PET/CT檢查后經EUS-FNA發現IgG4陽性細胞或根據典型影像學表現或臨床隨訪6個月以上確診,PC經手術病理或細胞學檢查確診。排除標準:PET/CT檢查前2周內行ERCP或FNA等有創檢查者。10例F-AIP患者均為男性,年齡45~67歲;活檢標本中發現IgG4陽性細胞確診3例,根據影像及臨床隨訪確診7例。20例PC患者也均為男性,年齡45~66歲;EUS-FNA及細胞學確診11例,手術病理確診9例(8例導管腺癌,1例腺鱗癌)。
二、PET/CT檢查
采用西門子Biograph truepoint高分辨PET/CT儀進行檢查。18F-FDG由上海原子科興藥業有限公司提供,放化純度>95%。受檢者檢查前禁食6 h以上,血糖值<11.1 mmol/L,按體重靜脈注射18F-FDG 3.70~5.55 MBq/kg。靜息45~60 min后行常規PET/CT掃描,6~7個床位,1個床位2.5 min,掃描范圍從顱頂至股骨中段。常規掃描結束后約40 min進行延遲顯像,掃描范圍從膈頂到雙側腎臟以下平面,1個床位,2.5 min。掃描結束后數據傳至Multimodality后處理工作站TureD系統進行圖像重建、融合,形成冠狀面、橫斷面、矢狀面斷層圖像及PET三維投影圖像。
三、圖像分析
采用后處理工作站The New 3D Freeform Isocontour Tool中的Contrast method,以50%最大標準攝取值(SUVmax)作為閾值勾畫PET/CT檢查感興趣區(ROI),測量SUVmax、平均標準攝取值(SUVmean)、腫瘤代謝體積(MTV)、糖酵解總量(TLG,TLG=SUVmean×MTV)、靶本比(TBR,TBR=胰腺病灶SUVmax/肝臟SUVmax),并計算SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV、TLG和TBR的滯留指數[RI,RI=(延遲后病灶值-延遲前病灶值)/延遲前病灶值×100%]。PET/CT診斷胰腺攝取增高的標準為胰腺內結節狀或腫塊狀放射性濃聚,代謝高于肝臟或明顯高于周圍胰腺組織;縱隔及雙側肺門淋巴結攝取增高的標準為淋巴結代謝高于縱隔血池;腹腔內淋巴結增大的標準為淋巴結短徑≥5 mm;肝內膽管擴張的標準為一級膽管分支直徑≥5 mm,肝外膽管擴張為≥8 mm;胰管擴張標準為主胰管直徑>3.0 mm。由2名經驗豐富的核醫學科醫師分別對每例融合圖像進行獨立分析,測量數據取兩者平均值,診斷不一致時以討論一致后的結果為準。另外也統計兩組患者的CA19-9值。
四、統計學處理

結果
一、一般情況
F-AIP組平均年齡為(59±8)歲,PC組為(54±7)歲。F-AIP患者就診原因為腹痛不適4例,腹痛合并黃疸1例,黃疸4例,B超體檢發現胰腺占位1例;PC患者就診原因為腹痛不適15例,黃疸4例,體檢發現血清腫瘤標記物異常1例。10例F-AIP患者中血漿IgG4水平升高3例,20例PC患者均無升高。F-AIP患者血CA19-9水平為(49.03±44.14)U/ml,其中4例升高,為37~200 U/ml(正常值<37 U/ml);PC患者CA19-9水平為(617.18±481.41)U/ml,其中16例升高,12例>200 U/ml。PC患者的血CA19-9水平顯著高于F-AIP患者,差異有統計學意義(t=-3.295,P=0.004)。10例F-AIP中6例病灶位于胰頭,2例位于胰體,2例位于胰尾;20例PC患者中12例病灶位于胰頭,3例位于胰體,5例位于胰尾。
二、影像學表現
F-AIP組中2例主胰管擴張,6例肝內外膽管擴張;PC組中8例主胰管擴張,5例肝內外膽管擴張,兩組間差異均無統計學意義。F-AIP組中8例縱隔淋巴結代謝增高,PC組中5例縱隔淋巴結腫大,F-AIP組顯著高于PC組,差異有統計學意義(K=0.512,P=0.006)。F-AIP組2例腹腔淋巴結腫大,PC組14例腹腔淋巴結腫大,F-AIP組顯著低于PC組,差異有統計學意義(K=0.455,P=0.016;圖1、2)。
三、胰腺病灶代謝參數
無論早期或延遲期顯像,兩組患者SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV的差異均有統計學意義,而TLG、TBR的差異均無統計學意義(表1)。F-AIP組SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV、TLG、TBR的RI分別為(18.99±12.01)%、(20.32±11.48)%、(-11.20±14.64)%、(6.32±17.38)%、(32.50±17.40)%,PC組分別為(16.04±37.76)%、(21.56±27.28)%、(-4.79±50.38)%、(10.30±47.62)%、(32.70±26.40)%,兩組差異均無統計學意義(t值分別為0.239、-0.136、-0.391、-0.254、0.086,P值均>0.05)。早期顯像中各項參數AUC大于延遲期顯像各參數AUC,以早期SUVmean的AUC最大,達到0.85。SUVmax最佳診斷臨界值為6.35,對應的靈敏度為70%,特異度為90%;SUVmean最佳診斷臨界值為4.45,診斷AIP的靈敏度為65%,特異度為90%;MTV最佳診斷臨界值為16.39,對應的靈敏度為60%,特異度為90%。

表1 F-AIP組和PC組雙時相18F-FDG PET/CT顯像的胰腺病灶代謝參數

圖1 F-AIP患者18F-FDG PET/CT顯像圖。1A.全身代謝圖;1B.胰腺病灶;1C.縱膈淋巴結代謝增高;1D.主胰管輕度擴張

圖2 PC患者18F-FDG PET/CT顯像圖。2A.全身代謝圖;2B.胰腺病灶;2C.后腹膜淋巴結代謝輕度增高;2D.主胰管明顯擴張
討論
目前影像學診斷AIP的常用方法為增強CT[7],其特征表現為胰腺臘腸樣腫脹,密度減低,動脈期強化程度低于正常胰腺,持續強化,延遲期強化程度接近胰腺實質[8-9]。其他征象包括延遲期輕度強化的胰腺周圍包膜樣環狀影、肝內外膽管擴張等。AIP患者胰腺病灶的常規MR圖像表現為T1等低信號,T2等高信號,強化特點同增強CT類似[10]。MRCP在顯示胰管不規則狹窄方面較CT有優勢,但在顯示病灶代謝情況和胰腺外器官侵犯方面,PET/CT作為一種全身功能學顯像技術與CT和MRI相比較有獨特的優勢。
根據AIP病灶分布特點,目前將AIP分為彌漫性、局灶性[2,5]。彌漫性AIP在PET/CT上表現為全胰腺FDG代謝增高,而PC常表現為局灶性攝取增高灶,二者易于鑒別[11-12]。但有兩種情況AIP與PC表現類似,需注意鑒別。其一,當胰腺癌阻塞主胰管引起彌漫性胰腺炎時,彌漫性AIP與PC難以區分[7]。本研究有2例PC伴有阻塞性胰腺炎,胰腺癌病灶和阻塞性胰腺炎病灶均表現為不同程度的FDG濃聚,但胰腺癌病灶的FDG濃聚程度高于阻塞性胰腺炎病灶,通過病灶FDG濃聚程度的差異可以輔助與彌漫性AIP的鑒別。其二,當F-AIP發生于胰頭時[12],僅通過局部病灶的FDG濃聚特征難以與PC鑒別[7]。因此本研究探討胰腺病灶的代謝參數和胰外病灶形態特點,以提高兩者的鑒別能力。
PET/CT檢查的SUV是一種最常用來評價糖酵解代謝情況的參數,用于鑒別病變良惡性。Metser等[13]報道,超過半數的良性FDG代謝增高病灶表現為中度到顯著高代謝,炎癥是最常見的原因,但與腫瘤難以鑒別。Ozaki等[14]對15例AIP和26例PC的FDG代謝情況進行了半定量比較,結果顯示兩組病例SUV值差異無統計學意義。因此,由于腫瘤異質性的特點,SUVmax不能全面概括腫瘤的代謝情況, MTV、TLG能更好反映腫瘤整體代謝情況[15]。本研究結果顯示,PC組與F-AIP組胰腺病灶的SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV的差異均有統計學意義,而TLG的差異無統計學意義。本結果與Ozaki等的研究結果不同,可能因本研究對象為F-AIP,而Ozaki等的研究對象為各型AIP所致。本研究中F-AIP組的MTV較PC組大,可能對鑒別F-AIP與PC有一定的參考意義。TLG作為MTV值與SUV值的乘積,F-AIP較高的MTV值和較低的SUV值相乘最終導致TLG值與PC組無顯著性差異。
與PC組相比,F-AIP引起的胰管擴張往往相對溫和[2],其病理原因可能是炎癥浸潤造成的不規則狹窄引起的擴張程度往往較腫塊壓迫造成的完全阻塞引起的擴張程度較輕所致。本研究的F-AIP組胰管擴張陽性率為20%,雖然低于PC組的40%,但差異無統計學意義,考慮與本研究樣本量較小、未對胰管擴張程度進一步分級有關。延遲掃描對F-AIP與PC無鑒別診斷價值可能因非感染性炎癥以及腫瘤異質性是削弱雙時相研究診斷功能的因素之一[16]。
既往研究表明,92.2%的AIP患者表現為胰腺外病灶侵犯,包括唾液腺(47.5%)、肺門淋巴結(78.3%)、膽管壁增厚(77.8%)、后腹膜纖維化(19.8%)等[17]。當AIP侵犯肝內膽管及胰周、縱膈淋巴結時,往往表現為FDG代謝增高[18]。Ozaki等[14]的結果顯示AIP組的肺門淋巴結顯示率顯著高于PC組。本研究的F-AIP組肺門淋巴結顯示率高于PC組,與Ozaki等的結果一致,其原因可能為亞洲人群好發I型AIP,為IgG4系統性疾病之一,而IgG4疾病易發生肺門淋巴結侵犯。AIP和PC均可侵犯腹腔淋巴結,但PC的淋巴結轉移率達37.2%[19]。本研究的PC患者腹腔淋巴結侵犯率也顯著高于F-AIP患者。
綜上所述,18F-FDG PET/CT的代謝參數SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV等可能為F-AIP與PC的鑒別提供有價值的信息。
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(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
Application of18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters in differentiating focal autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer
JiaGuorong,ZhangJian,ChengChao,LiCuicui,FengFei,QiuShuang,ZuoChangjing.DepartmentofNuclearMedicine,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of the metabolic parameters for differentiating focal autoimmune pancreatitis (F-AIP) and pancreatic cancer (PC) by dual time (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan. MethodsTen F-AIP patients and 20 PC patients in Changhai Hospital from May 2011 to November 2014 were enrolled in this study. All the AIP patients were histological confirmed or diagnosed by clinical follow up. The PC patients were histological confirmed and gender- and age-matched with F-AIP patients. 50% SUV(max) was set as the threshold to fine-tune the boundary of interest. The extracted parameters included SUV(max), SUV(mean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis(TLG), target-to-background ratio (TBR) and the retention indexes(RI) of all the parameters above. The PET/CT imaging features were also observed. Results The high metabolic lesions were observed in both F-AIP patients and PC patients. There were 6 F-AIP patients whose lesion was located in pancreas head, 4 F-AIP patients whose lesion was located in pancreas body and tail. There were 12 PC patients whose lesion was located in pancreas head, 8 PC patients whose lesion was located in pancreas body and tail. In F-AIP patients, 2 cases had dilated pancreatic duct, 6 had dilated biliary duct, 8 had increased metabolism in mediastinal lymph node and 2 had abdominal lymphadenopathy, which were 8, 5, 5 and 14 cases in PC patients. The positive rate of mdeiastinal lymphadenopathy in F-AIP patients was statistically higher than that in PC patients, while the positivity rate of abdominal lymphadenopathy in AIP patients was lower than that in PC patients. The difference was statistically significant (both P<0.05).There were no statistical differences on the positivity rate of the dilated pancreatic duct, intra-and extra-hepatic bile duct between two groups. SUV(max), SUV(mean) and MTV in F-AIP were 5.37±0.88, 3.48±0.66, 21.79±15.60 in early stage and 6.45±1.51, 4.23±1.10, 19.36±14.63 in delayed stage, and those in PC were 8.31±3.08, 5.41±1.95, 9.26±8.35 in early stage, and 9.75±3.86, 6.36±2.56, 9.09±10.71 in delayed stage. SUV(max) and SUV(mean) in F-AIP were lower than those in PC, whereas MTV were larger in F-AIP than that in PC. ROC curves for SUV(max), SUV(mean) and MTV were made. The AUC of SUV(mean) was the highest at 0.85, the cut-off value was 4.45, the corresponding sensitivity was 65% and the specificity was 90%. TLG, TBR and RI of all the parameters were not statistically different in F-AIP and PC. ConclusionsThe (18)F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters, such as SUV(max), SUV(mean), MTV, could be of special diagnostic significance in discriminating F-AIP from PC.
【Key words】Autoimmune disease;Pancreatitis;Pancreatic neoplasms;Tomography, emission-computed;Tomography, X-ray computed;Deoxyglucose;Diagnosis, differential
(收稿日期:2015-12-25)
Corresponding author:Zuo Changjing, Email:changjing.zuo@qq.com
通信作者:左長京,Email:changjing.zuo@qq.com
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2016.02.005