靳亞西,孫彩顯,高 虹,張連峰,張 麗
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院,醫(yī)學(xué)實驗動物研究所,衛(wèi)生部人類疾病比較醫(yī)學(xué)重點實驗室,北京 100021)
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基于實時細(xì)胞分析技術(shù)檢測前列腺癌細(xì)胞藥物敏感性
靳亞西,孫彩顯,高 虹,張連峰,張 麗
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院,醫(yī)學(xué)實驗動物研究所,衛(wèi)生部人類疾病比較醫(yī)學(xué)重點實驗室,北京 100021)
【摘要】目的 基于實時細(xì)胞分析技術(shù)發(fā)展,以更加簡便穩(wěn)定的方法進(jìn)行藥物敏感性評估,為前列腺癌臨床治療提供參考。方法 選取VCaP、DU145、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4和PC-3M-IE8五株人前列腺癌細(xì)胞,選用多西他賽、卡巴他賽和醋酸阿比特龍三種前列腺癌治療藥物,分別梯度濃度給藥,利用RTCA檢測給藥前后的細(xì)胞生長情況,確定藥物對前列腺癌細(xì)胞的半抑制濃度(IC50)。結(jié)果 多西他賽對VCaP、DU145、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4、PC-3M-IE8五種細(xì)胞系24 h的IC50分別為8.81 nmol/L、11.61 nmol/L、1.78 nmol/L、1.44 nmol/L、8.69 nmol/L??ò退?4 h的IC50依次為3.73 nmol/L、3.96 nmol/L、10.41 nmol/L、5.43 nmol/L、7.37 nmol/L。醋酸阿比特龍24 h的IC50依次為8.34 μmol/L、8.60 μmol/L、24.20 μmol/L、8.59 μmol/L、13.21 μmol/L。結(jié)論 PC-3M-2B4及DU145、VCaP及PC-3可作為多西他賽、卡巴他賽及醋酸阿比特龍的對照,建立體外篩選藥物的細(xì)胞模型,為臨床推廣提供參考。
【關(guān)鍵詞】前列腺癌;化療藥物;實時細(xì)胞分析;藥物敏感性
前列腺癌是指發(fā)生在前列腺的上皮性惡性腫瘤,是一種常見的影響男性健康的疾?。?]。前列腺癌常見的治療方法包括內(nèi)分泌治療、前列腺癌根治術(shù)、放射治療及化學(xué)藥物治療等。手術(shù)治療只適用于癌癥早期患者,激素治療初期效果較好,然而在經(jīng)過18~24月的治療后,大部分患者會發(fā)展成為去勢抵抗性前列腺癌(castration-resistant prostate cancer,CRPC)[2,3]。CRPC患者的特征包括前列腺特異性抗原水平升高、血清睪酮的水平在去勢范圍內(nèi)(<50 ng/dL)[4]。一旦發(fā)展為CRPC,中位生存期大約為16~18個月[5]。
因此,化療仍然是治療CRPC的最重要的手段,對化療藥物的正確選擇將直接影響療效。不同病人對不同藥物敏感性不同,治療前對藥物敏感性進(jìn)行評估,可以為臨床治療提供參考,提高治療效果,而發(fā)展簡便穩(wěn)定的評估方法是對臨床患者藥物敏感性評估的關(guān)鍵。
由于分子生物學(xué)、細(xì)胞生物學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,現(xiàn)已發(fā)展出體內(nèi)和體外兩大系列10多種藥敏試驗方法。目前腫瘤藥敏實驗有單細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)法、人腫瘤細(xì)胞原代裸鼠移植瘤模型法、膠原凝膠包埋培養(yǎng)法、微組織塊培養(yǎng)法等方法[6]。然而,體內(nèi)腫瘤藥敏試驗大多周期長,費用高,成功率低,不易在臨床藥敏試驗中推廣。體外腫瘤藥敏試驗?zāi)壳白畛S玫腗TT法雖然簡便,并可同時進(jìn)行多種化療藥物的敏感性檢測[7],但是細(xì)胞用量大,且只能觀察實驗終點[8]。而近年發(fā)展起來的實時細(xì)胞分析系統(tǒng)(real-time cell analysis system,RTCA)是一種通過檢測培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中阻抗的變化而動態(tài)監(jiān)測細(xì)胞生長情況的技術(shù),與傳統(tǒng)方法相比,有耗時短、細(xì)胞用量少、高通量和操作簡單便捷等優(yōu)點[9]。因此,RTCA能更加快速簡便且實時動態(tài)地觀察到細(xì)胞對藥物的反應(yīng),制作藥物應(yīng)答依賴性曲線,更加真實反應(yīng)藥物對腫瘤細(xì)胞生長與活性的影響。
1.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
VCaP人前列腺癌腰椎轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞、DU145人前列腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞、PC-3人前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞、PC-3M-2B4和PC-3M-IE8人前列腺癌上皮細(xì)胞,均購自中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)細(xì)胞中心,采用含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素/鏈霉素的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基,于5%CO2,37℃細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。實驗前1 d進(jìn)行細(xì)胞傳代,細(xì)胞滿度在60%~80%之間,收集細(xì)胞制備細(xì)胞懸液,濃度為5 x 105cells/mL,接種在E-plate 16檢測板上進(jìn)行細(xì)胞生長和藥物敏感性分析。
1.2藥物
多西他賽(Selleckchem公司)溶于DMSO中,并稀釋一萬倍于RPMI-1640中成為1 μmol/L的儲液;卡巴他賽(西安天豐生物科技有限公司)溶于乙醇中,并稀釋一萬倍于RPMI-1640中成為500 nmol/L的儲液;醋酸阿比特龍(武漢貝爾卡生物醫(yī)藥有限公司)溶于乙醇中并稀釋10倍于RPMI-1640中成為1 mmol/L的儲液;分裝存于-20℃?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.3RTCA實時細(xì)胞分析
實時細(xì)胞分析系統(tǒng)采用xCELLigence細(xì)胞功能分析儀DP系統(tǒng),購自艾森生物(杭州)有限公司,用于細(xì)胞增殖分析。檢測板E-Plate 16的底部整合有微金電子傳感器芯片,當(dāng)貼壁生長在微電極表面的細(xì)胞引起電極界面阻抗的改變時,該阻抗值的變化直接反映細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)狀態(tài)。其主要分析參數(shù)為細(xì)胞指數(shù)(cell index),與細(xì)胞覆蓋面積成正比。
檢測板每孔加入50 μL培養(yǎng)基,放入 RTCA Station(艾森生物)中測定基線,保證每孔接觸正常并且細(xì)胞指數(shù)在正常值之內(nèi)。取制備好的前列腺癌細(xì)胞懸液,分別以每孔1×103個、2.5×103個、5 ×103個、1×104個接種于檢測板E-Plate 16中,在超凈臺中靜置30 min后,置于培養(yǎng)箱中的RTCA工作站中,每隔 15 min記錄細(xì)胞指數(shù),總時長96 h[10]。
1.4RTCA藥物敏感性評價
取對數(shù)生長期的前列腺癌細(xì)胞,分別以每孔5 ×103個(VCaP、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4)和每孔1×104個(DU145、PC-3M-IE8)接種于檢測板 E-Plate 16中,放到培養(yǎng)箱中的RTCA Station中培養(yǎng)并檢測,24 h后添加藥物。使實驗組藥物終濃度為:多西他賽:0.1、0.5、1、10、50、100(nmol/L),卡巴他賽:0.5、1、2、5、10、50(nmol/L),醋酸阿比特龍:5、10、25 (μmol/L);對照組中加入無藥物的溶解液,空白組中加入RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基。給藥后繼續(xù)在RTCA Station中進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)并檢測。藥物作用24 h后,分析藥物半數(shù)抑制濃度[11]。
1.5統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
使用RTCA Software 2.0系統(tǒng)軟件和Student's t-tests分析處理數(shù)據(jù),實驗數(shù)據(jù)以平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,n=6,*P<0.05為差異有顯著性。
2.1細(xì)胞最佳接種量確定
五株前列腺癌細(xì)胞,均制備細(xì)胞懸液,梯度稀釋,采用每孔1×103個、2.5×103個、5×103個、1× 104個不同接種量,接種于檢測板E-plate 16中,檢測96 h內(nèi)細(xì)胞指數(shù)變化,觀察細(xì)胞的生長增殖過程。如圖1所示,以96 h內(nèi)形成最佳S型增值曲線為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),VCaP最佳接種量為每孔5×103個,DU145最佳接種量為每孔1×104個,PC-3最佳接種量為每孔5×103個,PC-3M-2B4最佳接種量為每孔5× 103個,PC-3M-IE8最佳接種量為每孔1×104個。
2.2前列腺癌細(xì)胞對多西他賽敏感性對比分析

圖1 前列腺癌5種細(xì)胞系96 h增殖曲線Note.Cells of the five cell lines are seeded in the E-plate16 wells.The CI(cell index)values reflecting the cell activities are recorded by the RTCA.The CI value is proportional to the cell number,the more amount of cells,the higher the CI value is. Because of the characteristics of cell proliferation,when the number of cells in the hole reaches a certain amount,there is a platform period,the CI value no longer increases any more,so the cell proliferation curve may be changed into“S”.a:the cell proliferation curve of VCaP cells;b:the cell proliferation curve of DU145 cells;c:the cell proliferation curve of PC-3 cells;d:the cell proliferation curve of PC-3M-2B4 cells;e:the cell proliferation curve of PC-3M-IE8 cells.Fig.1 The cell proliferation curves of the five prostate cancer cell lines cultured for 96 hours
取對數(shù)生長期的前列腺癌細(xì)胞,按上述實驗確定的最佳接種濃度,VCaP、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4以5× 103個細(xì)胞/孔,DU145、PC-3M-IE8以1×104個細(xì)胞/孔接種于檢測板E-Plate 16中,培養(yǎng)24 h后給藥,RTCA分析細(xì)胞增殖曲線。多西他賽藥物終濃度分別為 0.1 nmol/L、0.5 nmol/L、1 nmol/L、10 nmol/L、50 nmol/L、100 nmol/L。另設(shè)藥物溶劑對照和空白對照。給藥后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)并檢測CI變化(圖2a-e)。結(jié)果表明多西他賽對VCaP、DU145、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4、PC-3M-IE8五種細(xì)胞系24 h的IC50分別為(8.81±0.06)nmol/L,(11.61±1.67)nmol/ L,(1.78n±0.13)nmol/L,(1.44±0.10)nmol/L,(8.69±0.22)nmol/L。其中PC-3和PC-3M-2B4對多西他賽最敏感敏感,而DU145最不敏感,VCaP和PC-3M-IE8中度敏感。
2.3前列腺癌細(xì)胞對卡巴他賽敏感性對比分析
取對數(shù)生長期的前列腺癌細(xì)胞,按上述實驗確定的最佳接種濃度,VCaP、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4以5× 103個細(xì)胞/孔,DU145、PC-3M-IE8以1×104個細(xì)胞/孔接種于檢測板E-Plate 16中,培養(yǎng)24 h后給藥,RTCA分析細(xì)胞增殖曲線。卡巴他賽藥物終濃度分別為0.5 nmol/L、1 nmol/L、2 nmol/L、5 nmol/ L、10 nmol/L、50 nmol/L。另設(shè)藥物溶劑對照和空白對照。給藥后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)并檢測CI變化(圖3ae)。結(jié)果表明卡巴他賽對VCaP、DU145、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4、PC-3M-IE8五種細(xì)胞系24 h的IC50分別為(3.73±0.25)nmol/L,(3.96±0.13)nmol/L,(10.41±0.35)nmol/L,(5.43±0.21)nmol/L,(7.37±0.06)nmol/L。其中VCaP和DU145對卡巴他賽最敏感敏感,而PC-3最不敏感,PC-3M-2B4 和PC-3M-IE8中度敏感。
2.4前列腺癌細(xì)胞對醋酸阿比特龍敏感性對比分析

圖2 前列腺癌5種細(xì)胞對多西他賽劑量反應(yīng)曲線(變斜率)Note.a:Docetaxel showed IC50 of 8.81 nmol/L for VCaP cells;b:Docetaxel showed IC50 of 11.61 nmol/L for DU145 cells;c:Docetaxel showed IC50 of 1.78 nmol/L for PC-3 cells;d:Docetaxel showed IC50 of 1.44 nmol/L for PC-3M-2B4 cells;e:Docetaxel showed IC50 of 8.69 nmol/L for PC-3M-IE8 cells;f:Statistical comparison of IC50 of docetaxel for the five cell lines.N=6,*P<0.05.Fig.2 Sigmoidal dose-response(wariable slope)curve of docetaxel for the 5 prostate cancer cell lines
取對數(shù)生長期的前列腺癌細(xì)胞,按上述實驗確定的最佳接種濃度,VCaP、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4以5× 103個細(xì)胞/孔,DU145、PC-3M-IE8以1×104個細(xì)胞/孔接種于檢測板E-Plate 16中,培養(yǎng)24 h后給藥,RTCA分析細(xì)胞增殖曲線。醋酸阿比特龍藥物終濃度分別為5、10、25(μmol/L)。另設(shè)藥物溶劑對照和空白對照。給藥后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)并檢測CI變化(圖4a-e)。結(jié)果表明醋酸阿比特龍對 VCaP、DU145、PC-3、PC-3M-2B4、PC-3M-IE8五種細(xì)胞系24 h的IC50分別為(8.34±0.24)μmol/L、(8.60±0.15)μmol/L、(24.20±0.09)μmol/L、(8.59±0.32)μmol/L、(13.21±0.95)μmol/L。其中 VCaP、DU145和PC-3M-B4對醋酸阿比特龍最敏感敏感,而PC-3最不敏感,PC-3M-IE8中度敏感。

圖3 前列腺癌5種細(xì)胞對卡巴他賽劑量反應(yīng)曲線(變斜率)Note.a:Cabazitaxel showed IC50 of 3.73 nmol/L for VCaP cells;b:Cabazitaxel showed IC50 of 3.96 nmol/L for DU145 cells;c:Cabazitaxel showed IC50 of 10.41 nmol/L for PC-3 cells;d:Cabazitaxel showed IC50 of 5.43 nmol/L for PC-3M-2B4 cells;e:Cabazitaxel showed IC50 of 7.37 nmol/L for PC-3M-IE8 cells;f:Statistical comparison of IC50 of cabazitaxel for the five cell lines.n=6,*P<0.05.Fig.3 Sigmoidal dose-response(wariable slope)curve of cabazitaxel for the 5 prostate cancer cell lines
實時細(xì)胞分析系統(tǒng)是可實現(xiàn)實時監(jiān)測、高信息量、高靈敏度和高準(zhǔn)確性細(xì)胞分析的新技術(shù)。通過嵌在檢測板E-plate 16上孔底的微電子感應(yīng)器阻抗變化感受細(xì)胞的有無以及貼壁、黏附和生長程度的改變。在細(xì)胞毒性檢測中,可實時、直觀的反映細(xì)胞增殖、存活、凋亡、形態(tài)變化等細(xì)胞生物學(xué)變化[6]。基于實時細(xì)胞分析系統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢,該技術(shù)在基礎(chǔ)生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域具有廣泛的應(yīng)用,如細(xì)胞質(zhì)量控制、細(xì)胞毒性檢測、細(xì)胞粘附和細(xì)胞伸展以及臨床藥物開發(fā)、高通量藥物篩選等[12]。本研究將實時細(xì)胞分析系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用于前列腺癌細(xì)胞藥物敏感性實驗當(dāng)中,選用3種前列腺癌化療藥物,對5種前列腺癌細(xì)胞系的藥物敏感性進(jìn)行對比分析,證明該方法真實有效且更加簡單靈敏,可以應(yīng)用于臨床患者藥物敏感性評價。
化學(xué)治療是治療腫瘤的一種重要手段。但由于遺傳背景的差異,患者對化療的反應(yīng)各不相同,有的患者經(jīng)化療后可達(dá)到完全緩解,有的卻表現(xiàn)為無效甚至病情進(jìn)展[13-15]。不同種類的腫瘤,對抗癌藥物的敏感性不同,即使同一種類型的腫瘤,甚至其臨床分期、病理類型、患者基本狀態(tài)也相同,不同的患者對藥物的敏感性及預(yù)后也不相同,這就決定了必須化療藥物個體化[16]。在治療前或治療過程中進(jìn)行腫瘤藥敏試驗對于化療藥物的選擇和制訂化療的策略有著十分重要的意義,為實現(xiàn)化療藥物的個體化提供依據(jù)[17-20]。

圖4 前列腺癌5種細(xì)胞對醋酸阿比特龍劑量反應(yīng)曲線(變斜率)Note.a:Abiraterone acetate showed IC50 of 8.34 μmol/L for VCaP cells;b:Abiraterone acetate showed IC50 of 8.60 μmol/L for DU145 cells;c:Abiraterone acetate showed IC50 of 24.20 μmol/L for PC-3 cells;d:Abiraterone acetate showed IC50 of 8.59 μmol/L for PC-3M-2B4 cells;e:Abiraterone acetate showed IC50 of 13.21 μmol/L for PC-3M-IE8 cells;f:statistical comparison of IC50 of Abiraterone Acetate for five cell lines.n=6,*P<0.05.Fig.4 Sigmoidal dose-response(wariable slope)curre of abiraterone acetate for the 5 prostate cancer cell lines
目前治療前列腺癌的主要藥物是多西他賽,主要作用于細(xì)胞微管,通過阻礙細(xì)胞有絲分裂,進(jìn)而引起細(xì)胞凋亡,是治療CRPC患者的一線用藥[21];卡巴他賽是第二代紫杉醇類抗腫瘤藥,同樣具有抑制微管的作用,并且對多西他賽耐藥患者有良好療效[22];醋酸阿比特龍是一種細(xì)胞色素氧化酶CYP17的高選擇性不可逆強效抑制劑,能顯著降低CRPC患者體內(nèi)的睪丸酮水平。III期隨機對照研究證實對于多西他賽失敗的CRPC,醋酸阿比特龍聯(lián)合潑尼松可以顯著提高PSA緩解率,腫瘤客觀緩解率,延長腫瘤進(jìn)展時間和總生存時間,為多西他賽失敗的CRPC提供了新的治療方法,且安全性好[23]。
本實驗采用實時細(xì)胞分析技術(shù)檢測了3種常用化療藥物對5種前列腺癌細(xì)胞的體外抑制率。結(jié)果證明,PC-3M-2B4對多西他賽敏感性最強,而DU145敏感性最差;VCaP對卡巴他賽敏感性最強,而PC-3敏感性最差;VCaP對醋酸阿比特龍敏感性最強,而PC-3敏感性最差??蓪C-3M-2B4作為高度敏感對照,DU145作為不敏感對照,建立對多西他賽的體外藥物篩選體系;可將VCaP作為高度敏感對照,PC-3作為不敏感對照,建立對卡巴他賽及醋酸阿比特龍的體外藥物篩選體系,具有向臨床推廣,進(jìn)行個體化藥物敏感性實驗的價值。且本實驗結(jié)果與已有研究具有一致性[24]。另有其他多項研究證明,RTCA在藥物敏感性實驗中具有可靠性,與傳統(tǒng)的MTT等方法測定的結(jié)果吻合[25-29]。
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〔修回日期〕2016-02-19
Assessment of drug sensitivity of the prostate cancer cells based on real-time cell analysis system
JIN Ya-xi,SUN Cai-xian,GAO Hong,ZHANG Lian-feng,ZHANG Li
(Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine,Ministry of Health,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100021,China)
【Abstract】Objective To develop a more convenient and stable method for assessment of drug sensitivity of prostate cancer based on real-time cell analysis system as a reference for clinical treatment.Methods Human prostate cancer VCaP,DU145,PC-3,PC-3M-2B4 and PC-3M-IE8 cells were chosen to detect the sensitivity to three drugs,docetaxel,cabazitaxel and abiraterone acetate.Serial dilutions of the three drugs were used to treat the cell culture for 24 hours.The drug-induced effects on the cell lines after an incubation of 24 hours were recorded by the real-time cell analysis system to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50).Results Docetaxel showd IC50 of 8.81 nmol/L,11.61 nmol/L,1.78 nmol/L,1.44 nmol/L,8.69 nmol/L for VCaP,DU145,PC-3,PC-3M-2B4,PC-3M-IE8 cells,respectively.Cabazitaxel showed IC50 of 3.73 nmol/L,3.96 nmol/L,10.41 nmol/L,5.43 nmol/L,and 7.37 nmol/L,respectively,for the five cell lines.Abiraterone acetate showed IC50 of 8.34 μmol/L,8.60 μmol/L,24.20 μmol/L,8.59 μmol/L,and 13.21 μmol/L for the five cell lines.Conclusions PC-3M-2B4 and DU145,VCaP and PC-3 cellscan be used as control for docetaxel,cabazitaxel and abiraterone acetate to establish cell models for the drug screening in vitro and to provide reference for clinical applications.
【Key words】Prostate cancer;Chemotherapy drugs;Real-time cell analysis system;Drug sensitivity
【中圖分類號】R-33
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
【文章編號】1671-7856(2016)04-0046-07
doi:10.3969.j.issn.1671-7856.2016.04.008
[基金項目]衛(wèi)生行業(yè)科研專項(201402001)。
[作者簡介]靳亞西,女,碩士生,研究方向:比較醫(yī)學(xué)。E-mail:Jinyaxi@yeah.net。
[通訊作者]張麗(1981-),女,助理研究員,研究方向:比較醫(yī)學(xué)。E-mail:zhangl@cnilas.org。