韓 瑋,劉 歡,陸永躍
(華南農業大學昆蟲學系,廣州 510642)
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降雨強度對棉花上棉花粉蚧掉落的影響
韓瑋,劉歡,陸永躍*
(華南農業大學昆蟲學系,廣州 510642)
為了解降雨對棉花粉蚧PhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley的影響,本文應用人工模擬降雨器方法研究了不同降雨強度條件下棉花粉蚧各個蟲期的掉落比例。結果表明隨著降雨強度的增加,棉花粉蚧掉落率逐漸增大;同一降雨強度下齡期越高、蟲體越大掉落率越低。15 mm/h時棉花粉蚧各個蟲期掉落率均較低,為0.7%-3.3%;45-75 mm/h 時掉落率增大,為7.0%-17.7%;105 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h時掉落率變化范圍分別是10.0%-23.7%、12.3%-32.3%、13.3%-38.7%、16.0%-45.7%。掉落率(Y)與降雨強度(X)之間關系方程為Y=0.2587X0.9850(1齡若蟲)、Y=0.2549X0.9845(2齡若蟲)、Y=0.0266X1.4014(3齡若蟲)、Y=0.0507X1.1307(雌成蟲)。
扶桑綿粉蚧;棉花;降雨強度;掉落率
棉花粉蚧PhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley是2008年入侵我國的一種對園林觀賞植物、蔬菜和大田作物等安全生產潛在威脅嚴重的有害生物(Tinsley,1898;陸永躍等,2008;武三安和張潤志,2009;Wangetal.,2010;孫峰和陸永躍,2011)。該蟲繁殖力強、危害嚴重、適生區廣、傳播擴散迅速,分布范圍不斷擴大(徐衛等,2009;王艷平等,2009;馬駿等,2011;關鑫等,2009b;徐家文等,2015)。2014年已在廣東、海南、湖南等12個省市120個縣(市、區)發現該蟲發生為害。棉花粉蚧取食行為可塑性強,寄主范圍寬,已記錄到57科207種,而且隨著侵入區域擴大、調查深入,其寄主范圍將不斷增大;同時,棉花粉蚧若蟲、雌成蟲體表均覆蓋有白色蠟粉層,對其抵抗殺蟲劑和其他致死因素威脅起到了一定保護作用,因此,該粉蚧自身具備的各種生物學優勢為其入侵、定殖和短時間內暴發成災奠定了基礎(Aheeretal., 2009;朱藝勇等,2011;周灣等,2012;崔志富等,2015)。
非生物因子包括溫度、光照、氣流、氣壓、濕度等與昆蟲個體發育和種群動態密切相關。其中環境濕度的變化會直接導致昆蟲體內含水量變化,打破昆蟲體內的水分平衡,影響昆蟲抗寒性、越冬存活,進而對其個體發育、繁殖、群體發生等產生影響。作為調節環境濕度的重要方式之一,降雨除了通過影響空氣濕度、土壤含水量作用于昆蟲的取食行為、生長發育、存活和生殖生命活動外,其機械沖刷作用對昆蟲也具有直接致死效應,從而影響昆蟲種群發生改變(Fitt,2003;常曉娜等,2008;黨志浩和陳法軍,2011)。例如,春夏的降雨尤其暴雨導致濕地松粉蚧OracellaacutaLobdell初孵若蟲大量死亡是其種群迅速凋落的重要因素(湯才和黃德超,2003)。目前,關于環境因素影響棉花粉蚧的研究主要集中在溫度(關鑫等,2009a;Patiletal.,2011;Luetal.,2011;Yaylaetal.,2012;Guanetal.,2012;Prasadetal.,2012;Qinetal.,2013;丁吉同等,2013;Wangetal.,2014;王飛飛等,2014)、寄主植物轉換(Dhawanetal.,2011;黃芳等,2011;Guanetal.,2012;王前進等,2013)、食物脅迫(鄭婷等,2011)、光周期(王超等,2014)等幾個方面,關于降雨對棉花粉蚧的影響研究尚未見報道。本文應用室內人工模擬降雨方法研究了不同降雨強度條件下棉花植株上棉花粉蚧各個蟲期的掉落規律,為全面掌握環境因子對該蟲影響提供了依據。
1.1試驗材料
供試昆蟲:在華南農業大學檢疫與入侵害蟲實驗室人工氣候箱中(溫度26℃-28℃,RH 60%-75%,周期(L ∶D=14 h ∶10 h),以棉花GossypiumhirsutumL.為寄主飼養建立棉花粉蚧種群,取其中健康的各蟲態供試。
供試植物:種植在溫室內塑料花盆(直徑25 cm,高35 cm)中的棉花幼苗,選取高約35 cm健壯植株備用。
試驗儀器:PXJY-B型人工模擬降雨器(南京璞曉電子科技有限公司)、細毛筆、秒表、計數器、凡士林、隔離網罩等。
1.2試驗方法
取5株棉花,每株每個蟲期接20頭(1齡若蟲、2齡若蟲、3齡若蟲、雌成蟲)棉花粉蚧,共計100頭。待粉蚧穩定取食后,將帶蟲棉花植株均勻放置于降雨器降雨區位置。按0 mm/h、15 mm/h、45 mm/h、75 mm/h、105 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h設8個降雨強度,每個雨量重復3次。按照降雨強度梯度打開降雨器開關降雨30 min后停止,搬出棉花,待植株上雨水晾干后檢查記錄各蟲期棉花粉蚧活蟲數量,計算掉落的粉蚧數量。
掉落率(%)=(降雨前接入蟲期粉蚧數量-降雨后該蟲期存活粉蚧數量)/降雨前接入蟲期粉蚧數量×100
1.3數據分析
用SPSS統計軟件分析數據差異性和關系,顯著性檢驗水平為P<0.05。
對試驗結果分析表明無論是降雨量間還是蟲期間棉花粉蚧的掉落率均有變化(F=30.57,df=27,P=0.0001)(表1)。隨著降雨強度增加,在棉花植株上同一蟲期棉花粉蚧的掉落率呈逐漸增大趨勢。例如,對于1齡若蟲沒有降雨處理(對照)掉落率最低,為1.7%;15 mm/h時掉落率稍增大,為3.3%;45 mm/h、75 mm/h降雨時掉落率分別增長到14.3%、17.7%;當降雨強度大于100 mm/h時,棉花粉蚧1齡若蟲的掉落率顯著增大,雨強為105 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h時掉落率分別為23.7%、32.3%、38.7%、45.7%。在同一降雨強度下不同蟲期掉落率也有所不同,總體上表現為齡期越高、蟲體越大掉落率越低的趨勢。所有降雨強度下1齡若蟲、2齡若蟲間掉落率差異不顯著,45 mm/h、105 mm/h時3齡若蟲、雌成蟲掉落率顯著降低,75 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h時僅雌成蟲掉落率顯著降低。

表1 不同降雨強度下棉花植株上棉花粉蚧各蟲期的掉落率(%)
注:表中掉落率為平均值±標準誤,同一列數據后具相同小寫字母者、同一行數據后具相同大寫字母者表示經Duncan氏多重比較差異不顯著(P<0.05)。Note: The falling rates in the table were mean±SE, and same small letter in the same column and same capital letter in the same row indicated no significant difference at the 0.05 level (Duncan’s multiple range test).

圖1 不同降雨強度下棉花植株上棉花粉蚧各蟲期掉落率動態及模擬方程Fig.1 Formulations between the rainfall intensity and falling rates for different stages of Phenacoccus solenopsis on cotton plants注:A,1齡若蟲;B,2齡若蟲;C,3齡若蟲;D,雌成蟲。Note: A,1st nymp; B,2nd nymph; C,3rd nymph; D,female adult.
根據表1數據,分析建立了1齡若蟲、2齡若蟲、3齡若蟲、雌成蟲掉落率(Y)與降雨強度(X)之間的關系方程,如下:Y=0.2587X0.9850(1齡若蟲,n=7,R2=0.9811)、Y=0.2549X0.9845(2齡若蟲,n=7,R2=0.9742)、Y=0.0266X1.4014(3齡若蟲,n=7,R2=0.9759)、Y=0.0507X1.1307(雌成蟲,n=7,R2=0.8928)(圖1)。由所建擬合方程計算出當降雨強度達到423.3 mm/h時1齡若蟲掉落率可達到100%,430.0 mm/h時2齡若蟲掉落率100%,355.7 mm/h時3齡若蟲掉落率100%,820.6 mm/h時雌成蟲掉落率100%。
降雨對昆蟲的直接影響主要表現為直接的沖刷作用,降雨量的大小對不同類型和體型大小的昆蟲的物理沖刷作用不同,對小型昆蟲影響更大。日降雨量大于20 mm,對濕地松粉蚧、粘蟲Leucaniaseparata若蟲有很強沖殺作用,當日降雨量達到100 mm以上時,對棉蚜AphisgossypiiGlover有明顯致死作用,當日降雨量達到500 mm以上時能有效防止棉鈴蟲HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner猖獗發生(熊映清,1981;李登友等,1996;湯才和黃德超,2003)。本研究發現降雨強度為195 mm/h時對棉花粉蚧1齡和2齡若蟲均有較強沖刷作用,掉落率分別為45.7%、42.3%,表明強降雨可能對棉花粉蚧發生為害有抑制作用。
降雨量對同一種昆蟲不同蟲期影響不同,25 mm-50 mm降雨對粘蟲1齡幼蟲致死率最高,對3齡幼蟲致死率最低(樊煥碧,1992)。本研究同樣發現同樣降雨條件下棉花粉蚧低齡蟲態掉落率高于高齡,1齡若蟲掉落率比雌成蟲高出20%,原因可能是低齡若蟲蟲體微小,足等力量小,附著能力較弱,所以很容易被雨水沖刷掉。
廣東地區屬于東亞季風區,降雨量充沛,年平均降水量在1300 mm-2500 mm,大雨或暴雨可能直接造成棉花粉蚧大量死亡,但是也可能為其隨水流作短距離傳播擴散提供了有利條件。所以進一步研究明確雨水在棉花粉蚧傳播擴散中的作用,注意雨后及時調查監測蟲情,并合理做好大田肥水管理等就顯得有意義了。
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Falling rates ofPhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley on cotton plant under different rainfall intensity
HAN Wei, LIU Huan, LU Yong-Yue*
(Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China)
In order to understand the impact of the rainfall on the cotton mealybugPhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley, the artificial rainfall simulator method was used in studying the falling rates of the cotton mealybug at different rainfall intensity in this paper. The results indicated that the falling rates went up while rainfall intensity rose. At the same rainfall intensity, the higher the mealybug age, the lower the falling rates. Falling rates were little as 0.7%-3.3% when the rainfall intensity with 15 mm/h. The falling rates increased as 7.0%-17.7% when the rainfall intensity were 45-75 mm/h. The falling rates varied with 10.0%-23.7%, 12.3%-32.3%, 13.3%-38.7% and 16.0%-45.7% as the rainfall intensity were 105 mm/h, 135 mm/h, 165 mm/h and 195 mm/h. The formulations to simulate the relationship between the rainfall intensity and falling rates ofP.solenopsiswereY=0.2587X0.9850(1stnymph),Y=0.2549X0.9845(2ndnymph),Y=0.0266X1.4014(3rdnymph) andY=0.0507X1.1307(female adult).
PhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley; cotton plant; rainfall intensity; falling rate
國家自然科學基金(31171855);廣東省研究生教育創新計劃項目(2013JDXM14)
韓瑋,男,1988年生,山西太原人,碩士,研究方向為昆蟲生態學,E-mail: 1016903810@qq.com
Author for correspondence,E-mail: luyongyue@scau.edu.cn
2016-06-12;接受日期Accepted:2016-07-08
Q968.1;S433
A
1674-0858(2016)04-0710-05