李靜敏 綜述 王華慶② 審校
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·綜 述·
外周T細胞淋巴瘤的治療進展
李靜敏①綜述王華慶①②審校
目前外周T細胞淋巴瘤(peripheral T-cell lymphomas,PTCL)的治療仍滯后于B細胞淋巴瘤的研究。傳統上PTCL患者多采用彌漫大B細胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)的治療方案,但療效不盡如人意。近年來,美國FDA批準了4種治療復發/難治性PTCL的新型藥物,日本批準了抗CCR4單克隆抗體用于治療成人T細胞白血病/淋巴瘤,新型藥物與標準CHOP方案聯合治療初治PTCL的研究正在進行中。最新研究表明,PTCL發生與表觀遺傳調節異常相關,對組蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制劑高度敏感。本文就PTCL的治療進展進行綜述。
外周T細胞淋巴瘤化療干細胞移植普拉曲沙HDAC抑制劑聯合治療
T細胞淋巴瘤約占非霍奇金淋巴瘤10%~15%,在我國比例更高。2008年世界衛生組織(WHO)將T細胞淋巴瘤分為不同的病理亞型:T細胞、NK細胞淋巴瘤/白血病[1]。大致分為兩類:前T細胞腫瘤和胸腺后T細胞淋巴瘤,可原發于淋巴結、結外組織或皮膚。與侵襲性B細胞淋巴瘤相比,成熟或外周T細胞淋巴瘤的預后較差[2-4]。但間變性大細胞淋巴瘤(anaplastic large cell lymphoma,ALCL)采用蒽環類為基礎的化療方案,如CHOP方案,其有效率與DLBCL相似[5]。起源于固有免疫系統的PTCL好發生于青少年,多為結外受累,好發部位為皮膚和黏膜,而起源于其他免疫系統的PTCL則好發于成年人,多為淋巴結受累,占PTCL的2/3以上[6]。
1.1化療(CHOP/CHOPE/其他方案)
除了ALCL、ALK陽性患者之外,PTCL采用CHOP方案獲得的總有效率(ORR)為60%~70%,但5年生存率(OS)僅為25%~35%,且無進展生存率(PFS)更低[2]。因此,以CHOP方案為基礎衍生出許多化療方案,但患者生存狀況改善甚微。德國非霍奇金淋巴瘤研究組(DSHNHL)進行了一項回顧性研究[3],入組320例PTCL患者多為結內受累。對于年齡<60歲且乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)正常者,CHOP聯合依托泊苷(CHOEP)組的療效優于CHOP組,3年無事件生存率(EFS)分別為75.4%、51.0%;加入依托泊苷獲益最大的為ALCL、ALK陽性組。Sung等[4]研究了CEOP-B(環磷酰胺、阿霉素、長春新堿、潑尼松、博來霉素)對PTCL的療效,共入組52例患者,ORR為63.5%,中位PFS和OS分別為18.0個月、39.5個月。最近的一項SWOGⅡ期試驗[7],采用PEGS(順鉑、依托泊苷、吉西他濱、甲潑尼龍)方案治療初治患者,ORR為38%,2年PFS僅14%。概而言之,不含蒽環類的方案目前還未證明優于CHOP/CHOPE方案[8]。
已經明確結外NK/T細胞淋巴瘤(ENK/T)對含有L-天冬酰胺酶的方案敏感,如SMILE(地塞米松、甲氨蝶呤、異環磷酰胺、L-天冬酰胺酶、依托泊苷)、AspaMetDex(L-天冬酰胺酶、甲氨蝶呤、地塞米松)[9,10],而對蒽環類為基礎的方案(CHOP或CHOP樣方案)不敏感。本研究采用培門冬酶聯合GeMox方案治療結外NK/T細胞淋巴瘤取得了滿意的療效[11],共入組12例,客觀有效率為72.7%,疾病控制率為90.9%,提示該方案對結外NK/T細胞淋巴瘤有效。對早期患者,放療聯合化療是首選。
1.2造血干細胞移植
自2006年起,已有多個Ⅱ期試驗研究了自體造血干細胞移植(ASCT)在PTCL治療中的作用[12-14]。德國一項研究[12]入組83例患者,最初給予4個周期CHOP-21(3周方案)化療,對于未完全緩解(CR)患者,則繼續給予原方案治療2個周期;達CR/部分緩解(PR)者,則給予1~2個周期Dexa-BEAM(地塞米松、卡莫司汀、依托泊苷、阿糖胞苷、馬法蘭)或ESHAP(依托泊苷、甲基強的松龍、阿糖胞苷、順鉑)治療。隨后進行高劑量化療(HDT)/ASCT,采用全身照射和高劑量環磷酰胺進行預處理。誘導化療后,32例達CR,33例達PR,ORR為78%。其中,55例進行了HDT/ASCT。中位隨訪33個月,3年OS、PFS、無病生存率(DFS)分別為48%、36%、53%。另28例未移植患者,3年OS只有11%。北歐組的大規模Ⅱ期試驗[13],采用6個周期CHOEP-14進行誘導化療,化療敏感且可耐受的患者接受ASCT,ORR為82%、CR率為51%。中位隨訪4.5年,預計5年OS及PFS在血管免疫母細胞T細胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)、ALK陰性患者中分別為70%、61%,在AITL患者中分別為52%、49%,在外周T細胞淋巴瘤非特指型(PTCL-NOS)患者中分別為47%、38%。基于這些經驗,臨床專家對于PTCL患者,建議給予劑量密集CHOEP化療,隨后為化療敏感患者進行ASCT。
異基因干細胞移植(AlloSCT)對于復發/難治性PTCL來說,是一種潛在可治愈的方法。首個前瞻性Ⅱ期試驗表明,復發/難治性PTCL采用AlloSCT達到緩解后,緩解期持續較長,提示可能存在“移植物抗T細胞淋巴瘤”效應[15]。Corradini等[16]進行了一項前瞻性試驗,給PTCL患者采用高強度化學免疫治療進行誘導,緩解者進行AlloSCT,4年PFS為69%。Voss等[17]研究了肝脾T細胞淋巴瘤(HSTCL)患者,給予高強度ICE(異環磷酰胺、卡鉑、依托泊苷)或IVAC(異環磷酰胺、依托泊苷、阿糖胞苷)治療,隨后進行AlloSCT,獲得滿意的療效。
大量前瞻性研究表明,早期治療失敗仍然是影響T細胞淋巴瘤患者生存的主要因素,因此亟待探索新型藥物。
2.1普拉曲沙
普拉曲沙(pralatrexate)是首個獲批上市治療復發/難治性PTCL的藥物,為葉酸拮抗劑,對還原型葉酸載體(RFC)具有高度親和性。前期臨床試驗已經證實了普拉曲沙的抗腫瘤活性,隨后開展了一項Ⅱ期研究[18],入組了48例淋巴瘤患者,ORR為31%,17%的患者達到CR。亞組分析,B細胞、T細胞淋巴瘤的ORR分別為10%、54%。8例CR患者均為T細胞淋巴瘤,PTCL中6例達PR,其中4例PET-CT為陰性。說明相對于B細胞,T細胞淋巴瘤對普拉曲沙的獲益更大。
隨后開展的國際性Ⅱ期臨床研究,即PROPEL研究[19],探索了普拉曲沙對復發/難治性PTCL的療效。納入115例患者,其中111例接受了普拉曲沙治療。結果顯示ORR為29%,CR率為11%,緩解期約為12個月。
普拉曲沙最常見的不良反應為黏膜炎。I期臨床試驗顯示3~4級黏膜炎的發生率為21%,大部分患者為2級黏膜炎[18]。采用劑量調整和服用甲酰四氫葉酸的方法可以降低黏膜炎的發生率。臨床上多采用普拉曲沙劑量遞增的方法,開始為每周10 mg/m2,然后升至每周20 mg/m2,最高到每周30 mg/m2。如果期間患者出現了黏膜炎,則停止上調劑量。另外,在使用普拉曲沙前一天、用藥當天和第二天使用甲酰四氫葉酸(15~25 mg,口服,1次/日或2次/日)可以減輕黏膜炎。
2.2HDAC抑制劑
已有證據表明,T細胞淋巴瘤的表觀基因異常在皮膚T細胞淋巴瘤(PTCL)的發生發展中起著重要作用。PTCL表觀基因突變的發現和組蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制劑的應用使PTCL的預后得到了改善。目前該類藥物有三種,其中貝利司他(belinostat)用于治療PTCL,伏立諾他(vorinostat)被批準用于CTCL,隨后羅米地辛(romidepsin)被批準用于CTCL和PTCL。貝利司他、伏立諾他為異羥肟酸的衍生物,是Ⅰ類、Ⅱ類HDACs抑制劑,而羅米地辛是環肽類化合物,是Ⅰ類HDACs抑制劑[20-21]。HDAC抑制劑并非簡單改變組蛋白乙酰化引起的基因轉錄,機制更為復雜。研究表明[22],細胞內組蛋白去乙酰化的水平與細胞死亡并無相關性,達到某一閾值后才能導致細胞死亡。研究表明[23-25],HDAC抑制劑與其他促細胞凋亡藥物或表觀遺傳靶向藥物聯合療效更佳。
具有我國自主知識產權的1.1類新藥HDAC抑制劑—西達本胺單藥對PTCL也顯示出良好療效。西達本胺是全球首個獲批上市的選擇性組蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制劑,用于治療復發及難治性外周T細胞淋巴瘤。一項Ⅱ期臨床研究[26]采用西達本胺單藥治療復發/難治性PTCL,ORR為28%,中位PFS、OS分別為2.1個月、21.4個月,46%的患者在6周內獲益(CR/ CRu+PR+SD),獲益患者的OS顯著延長,表明西達本胺可作為PTCL二線治療的新選擇。
2.3其他新型藥物
除HDAC抑制劑之外,其他藥物對PTCL也顯示出一定療效,其中之一就是抗CD30單抗(brentuximab vedotin,BV)。一項Ⅱ期研究[27]給復發/難治性PTCL患者采用BV治療,ORR為84%,CR率為57%。
另一種對PTCL有效的是極光A激酶抑制劑(alisertib)。一項Ⅱ期研究[28]對入組的48例PTCL患者給予alisertib治療,ORR為27%,在8例既往接受高強度治療的患者中alisertib對4例有效。Barr等[29]進行了同樣的研究,可評估的37例患者中,ORR為30%。alisertib聯合羅米地辛治療PTCL的前期臨床研究表明,聯合用藥僅對T細胞淋巴瘤有協同效應,而對B細胞淋巴瘤則無此作用。基于以上數據,研究者正在開展一項分別采用alisertib、普拉曲沙/羅米地辛單藥治療復發/難治性PTCL的對比研究。
德國和北歐淋巴瘤組合作完成的Ⅲ期臨床研究(ACT研究),探索了CHOP聯合抗CD-52單抗-阿倫單抗的療效。該研究入組了252例PTCL患者,給予阿倫單抗+強化CHOP方案治療6個周期,化療敏感且年齡<60歲的患者采用ASCT進行鞏固治療,結果尚未公布。前期試驗正嘗試將CHOP或CHOP樣方案與新型藥物聯合,如羅米地辛、普拉曲沙,并與CHOP方案作比較。
PTCL屬于一組異質性疾病,目前多采用B細胞淋巴瘤治療方案,如CHOP或CHOP樣方案,但療效欠佳,尚無最佳治療方案。對于化療敏感的年輕患者,在獲得緩解后可進行干細胞移植治療。在分子、免疫表型和遺傳機制方面取得的重大成果,為PTCL的靶向治療提供了新研究的選擇,一些新型藥物,如普拉曲沙、羅米地辛、西達本胺、brentuximab vedotin等在PTCL中取得了滿意療效。后續研究中,傳統治療與新型藥物的聯合治療成為研究熱點,以期進一步提高療效。
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(2015-11-25收稿)
(2016-01-26修回)
(編輯:鄭莉校對:孫喜佳)

李靜敏專業方向為淋巴瘤內科治療。
E-mail:lijingmintmu@163.com
Advances in therapeutic options of peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Jingmin LI1,Huaqing WANG1,2
Correspondence to:Huaqing WANG;E-mail:huaqingw@163.com
1Department of Lymphoma,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China;2Department of Oncology,Tianjin Union Medicine Center,Tianjin 300121,China
To date,the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphomas(PTCL)has lagged behind B-cell malignancies.Traditionally,paradigms for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were applied to patients with PTCL,but the outcomes were poor.Recently,the FDA has approved four drugs for patients with relapsed/refractory PTCL,and the Japanese government has approved of anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody for patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.Clinical studies are exploring the combination of these new agents into standard CHOP-based regimens for patients with newly diagnosed PTCL.Recent studies have revealed that PTCL may be associated with epigenetic dysregulation and is thus sensitive to histone deacetylase inhibitors.These advances provide a new understanding of PTCL,whose therapeutic options will be presented in this review.
peripheral T-cell lymphoma,chemotherapy,stem cell transplantation,pralatrexate,histone deacetylass inhibitors,combination therapy
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.04.318
①天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院淋巴瘤科,國家腫瘤臨床醫學研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室(天津市300060);②天津市人民醫院腫瘤診治中心
王華慶huaqingw@163.com