劉永飛 姜衛劍 閆 斌 趙貴鋒 仇漢誠 劉 佳 趙素民1.第三軍醫大學,重慶 40008;2.火箭軍總醫院重癥醫學科,北京 100088;.火箭軍總醫院血管神經外科,北京 100088
腦室外引流聯合尿激酶灌注或阿替普酶灌注治療腦室出血的效果比較
劉永飛1,2姜衛劍3閆斌1,2趙貴鋒1,2仇漢誠3劉佳1,2趙素民1,2
1.第三軍醫大學,重慶400038;2.火箭軍總醫院重癥醫學科,北京100088;3.火箭軍總醫院血管神經外科,北京100088
目的比較腦室外引流(EVD)聯合尿激酶(UK)或阿替普酶(rtPA)灌注治療腦室出血(IVH)的效果。方法 選取2011年1月~2015年3月火箭軍總醫院收治的腦室出血患者51例,依據腦室內用藥的不同將其分為對照組(26例)和觀察組(25例)。兩組患者入院24 h內均給予EVD,術后復查頭CT明確導管尖端位置無誤,對照組注入rtPA,觀察組注入UK。觀察指標為兩組血腫清除速度、短期結局以及長期神經功能,血腫清除速度通過5 d改良的Graeb腦室內出血評分(mGS)實現,短期結局通過30 d格拉斯哥預后評分(GOS)實現,長期神經功能恢復通過180 d改良Rankin量表(mRS)實現,次要觀察指標為并發癥的發生情況、EVD留置時間、ICU入住時間以及藥物花費。結果兩組血腫清除速度比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),兩組5 d mGS評分比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),兩組短期結局及長期神經功能比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),兩組30 d GOS評分及180 d mRS評分比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。30 d內對照組有1例(3.8%)死亡,觀察組有2例(8.0%)死亡,兩組比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。兩組EVD留置時間以及ICU入住時間比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。對照組溶栓藥物花費明顯多于觀察組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。30 d內并發癥發生情況:對照組發生顱內感染2例、癲癇1例,觀察組發生顱內感染2例、再出血1例、交通性腦積水1例,兩組比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論 EVD聯合腦室內纖維蛋白溶解治療IVH可以快速清除腦室積血(尤其是第三、四腦室),rtPA和UK均可以作為腦室注射藥物的選擇,使用UK費用明顯少于rtPA。
腦室出血;腦室外引流;腦室內纖維蛋白溶解;尿激酶;阿替普酶
[Abstract]Objective To compare the effect of external ventricular drainage(EVD)combined with Urokinase(UK)perfusion or Alteplase(rtPA)perfusion in the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage.Methods Fifty-one patients with intraventricular hemorrhage admitted to the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force from January 2011 to March 2015 were chosen,and they were divided into control group(26 cases)and observation group(25 cases)according to different drugs use in the ventricle.Both groups were given EVD within 24 hours after admission,catheter tip position was corrected after operation by head CT,control group was injected with rtPA,observation group was injected with UK.The primary observation indexes were the hematoma clearance rate,short-term outcome and longterm neural function,hematoma clearance rate was detected by 5 d modified Graeb score(mGS),short-term outcome was achieved by 30 d Glasgow outcome score(GOS),and long-term nerve function was achieved by 180 d modified Rankin scale(mRS).The secondary observation indexes were the complications,EVD indwelling time,ICU stay time and drug expenses.Results The hematoma clearance rate between the two groups had no statistically significant difference(P>0.05),the 5 d mGS score of two groups had no statistically significant difference(P>0.05),there were no significant differences of the short-termoutcome and long-term neurological function between the two groups(P>0.05),the 30 d GOS scores and 180 d mRS scores of two groups had no statistically significant differences(P>0.05).Within 30 days,there was 1 case(3.8%)of dead in the control group and 2 cases(8.0%)of dead in the observation group,with no statistically significant difference(P>0.05).The EVD indwelling time and ICU stay time had no significant differences between the two groups(P>0.05).The cost of thrombolytic drugs in the control group was significantly more than that of observation group,with statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Within 30 days,control group had 2 cases of intracranial infection,1 case of epilepsy,observation group had 2 cases of intracranial infection,1 case of recurrent bleeding,1 case of traffic hydrocephalus,with no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion EVD combined with intraventricular fibrinolysis in the treatment of IVH can quickly clean the ventricular hematocele(especially for the third and the fourth ventricle),both rtPA and UK can be as the choice for the intraventricular injection,the cost of UK is more less than that of rtPA.
[Key words]Intraventricular hemorrhage;External ventricular drainage;Intraventricular fibrinolysis;Urokinase;Alteplase
腦室出血(intraventricular hemorrhage,IVH)是神經外科常見病,具有發病急、病情進展迅速、病死率高及致殘率高等特點[1],也是預測不良結果的獨立因素[2],盡早清除腦室積血可以改善患者長期的功能缺損[3]。目前腦室穿刺外引流(external ventricular drain,EVD)是臨床上最常用的治療手段。近些年EVD聯合腦室內纖維蛋白溶解(intraventricular fibrinolysis,IVF)治療因其可以快速清除腦室內積血越來越被關注,本研究采用EVD聯合尿激酶 (urokinase,UK)灌注、EVD聯合阿替普酶 (recombinant tissue-type plas minogen activator,rtPA)治療51例腦室出血患者,現將結果報道如下:
1.1一般資料
選取2011年1月~2015年3月火箭軍總醫院收治的腦室出血患者51例,入選患者符合2015年美國卒中協會制訂的腦室出血診斷標準草案[4],依據腦室內用藥不同進行分組,對照組26例,觀察組25例。納入標準:①起源于幕上的自發性腦室出血,或繼發于側腦室旁的腦出血破入腦室,出血量<30 mL;②伴有急性阻塞性腦積水;③入院時格拉斯哥昏迷評分(GCS)≤8分;④年齡40~70歲;⑤在發病后24 h內置管。排除標準:①有活動性腦出血和/或腦室出血;②顱內動脈瘤破裂或動靜脈畸形出血破入腦室;③伴有嚴重的多器官功能衰竭;④伴有凝血障礙。兩組患者家屬對治療方法知情并簽署知情同意書,且本研究通過了醫院倫理委員會的審批。
1.2方法
首先在“軍衛一號”系統計算機工作平臺上檢索出院診斷為“腦室出血”的病例,然后根據檢索結果調閱病歷,填寫病例調查表,選出符合入組標準的分為兩組。兩組患者發病后均給予脫水降顱壓、止血、控制血壓等內科處理,并于發病后24 h內行雙側腦室額角穿刺術。6 h后復查頭顱CT判斷導管尖端的位置,術后收入重癥醫學科,直到拔除腦室引流管。對照組和觀察組患者在置管后6~48 h內分別給予rtPA(德國勃林格殷格翰大藥廠,20 mg/支,JX19990020)和UK(南京南大藥業有限公司,10萬U/支,國藥準字H10920040)灌注治療。用藥方法:對照組以2 mL生理鹽水加rtPA 3 mg注入一側側腦室,再推注2 mL生理鹽水,夾管2 h后放開,同時開放對側腦室,12 h重復1次[5];觀察組以2 mL生理鹽水加UK 5萬U注入一側側腦室,再推注2 mL生理鹽水,夾管2 h后放開,同時開放對側腦室,12 h重復1次[6]。前3 d每天引流量控制在 200~250 mL,3 d后引流量控制在100~150 mL,引流袋內無腦脊液流出時夾閉引流管,觀察24~48 h無顱高壓及切口滲漏,CT復查示積血大部吸收,特別是第三、四腦室積血消失,拔除引流管。
1.3觀察指標
初步評估包括基本特征(年齡、性別、腦出血量、腦室出血量及出血類型),估計腦出血量,使用多田公式計算[7]。腦室出血量采用Hallevi等[8]提出的通過IVH評分人工估算。從置管開始評估,評估的主要內容包括:5 d改良的Graeb腦室內出血評分 (mGS)[9]、30 d格拉斯哥預后評分(GOS)、30 d病死率以及180 d改良Rankin量表 (mRS)評分。評估的次要內容包括EVD留置時間、ICU住院時間及30 d并發癥的發生情況。
1.4統計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0統計軟件進行分析,計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s),組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,對于不符合正態分布的數據,使用Mann-Whitney U秩和檢驗,計數資料采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1一般資料
入組患者51例,男34例(66.7%),女17例(33.3%),男女比約為2∶1,發病男女比率和文獻報道稍有不同(1.2∶1)[10]。原發性IVH 21例(41.2%),與文獻報道40%比例相似[10-11]。繼發性IVH 30例(58.8%)。兩組患者性別、年齡、GCS評分、出血類型、出血量等比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
2.2臨床結局
主要觀察指標:兩組5 d mGS、30 d GOS及180 d mRS評分比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。次要觀察指標:兩組患者EVD留置時間、ICU住院時間及病死率比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),觀察組用藥費用明顯少于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。兩組30 d顱內并發癥發生情況比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表3。

表1 兩組一般資料比較

表2 兩組治療效果比較

表3 兩組患者30 d內并發癥比較[n(%)]
腦室出血作為神經外科的急重癥,其發病率有逐年上升的趨勢[1],尤其伴有腦積水的患者會增加其病死率[12],腦室出血預后差,據報道第1年存活率只有38%[13],這主要與腦室體積增大壓迫正常腦組織以及紅細胞裂解成分的直接毒性作用相關[5,13],因此,盡快清除腦室系統積血是治療的關鍵[14]。目前最常使用的治療方法是EVD聯合IVF,但是對于IVF的藥物選擇,并沒有統一的規定,都是根據臨床醫生的喜好選擇的。歐洲國家目前IVF使用的藥物只有rtPA,我國目前使用rtPA或者UK。本研究對兩種抗栓藥物的臨床效果進行比較。
本研究中兩組患者在血腫清除速度、短期結局及長期神經功能方面比較,差異均無統計學意義 (P>0.05),30 d內對照組有1例(3.8%)死亡,觀察組有2例(8.0%)死亡,兩組比較無統計學差異(P>0.05)。兩組EVD留置時間比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),兩組ICU住院時間比較,差異無統計學意義 (P>0.05)。對照組溶栓藥物花費明顯多于觀察組,兩組比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。30 d內并發癥發生情況,對照組發生顱內感染2例、癲癇1例,觀察組發生顱內感染2例、再出血1例、交通性腦積水1例。兩組比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。本研究結果說明EVD聯合UK或rtPA灌注治療均可以快速清除腦室系統積血,兩種藥物血腫清除速度、短期結局、長期神經功能、30 d病死率、EVD留置時間、ICU入住時間以及并發癥發生情況比較,差異均無統計學意義。只有在用藥費用上,觀察組明顯少于對照組。
EVD聯合IVF治療IVH從一定程度上確實加速了積血的引出,但是作為常規治療手段推廣,仍存在爭議。因為:①EVD聯合IVF并不能降低IVH患者的病死率,也不能改善預后[15-17];②抗栓藥物的毒性作用,可以加重腦組織水腫,尤其是大劑量rt-PA可以加重炎性反應[18-22];③快速將顱內壓降至正常并不能改善患者的神經功能缺損[14]。
綜上所述,UK和rtPA在治療IVH時的療效是相當的,UK費用更低,適合臨床應用。但是對于EVD聯合IVF的治療方法,還需要大量的前瞻性、多中心、隨機對照試驗來進行驗證。
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Effect comparison of external ventricular drainage combined with Urokinase perfusion or Alteplase perfusion in the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage
LIU Yongfei1,2JIANG Weijian3YAN Bin1,2ZHAO Guifeng1,2QIU Hancheng3LIU Jia1,2ZHAO Sumin1,2
1.Third Military Medical University,Chongqing400038,China;2.Intensive Care Unit,the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force,Beijing100088,China;3.Department of Vascular Neurosurgery,the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force,Beijing100088,China
R743.34
A
1673-7210(2016)08(b)-0090-04
2016-04-13本文編輯:張瑜杰)
劉永飛(1982-),男,碩士;研究方向:神經病學。
姜衛劍(1960-),男,博士研究生導師,教授,主任醫師;研究方向:缺血性腦血管病的介入治療。