倪曉蓓,王珊珊,張寧媛,孫海翔
(南京大學醫學院附屬鼓樓醫院生殖醫學中心,江蘇南京 210008)
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·臨床研究·
單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期中囊胚時期及質量與臨床結局相關分析
倪曉蓓,王珊珊,張寧媛,孫海翔*
(南京大學醫學院附屬鼓樓醫院生殖醫學中心,江蘇南京210008)
目的比較囊胚時期及囊胚質量在單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期中與臨床結局的關系。方法回顧性分析2014年1 月至2015 年12月在本中心進行單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期的患者,總例數為243例;分析研究囊胚時期及囊胚質量對臨床結局的影響。結果囊胚時期及囊胚質量與臨床結局有相關性:囊胚移植D5與D6植入率(61.14%vs.44.00%)和臨床妊娠率(60.62%vs.44.00%)有顯著性差異(P<0.05);優質囊胚與非優質囊胚植入率(66.94%vs.47.90%)和臨床妊娠率(66.94%vs.47.06%)亦有顯著性差異(P<0.01)。患者的年齡、體重指數、基礎激素水平、內膜厚度、流產率、異位妊娠率等均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論單囊胚冷凍復蘇時可以優先考慮D5優質囊胚移植。
單囊胚冷凍復蘇;囊胚時期;囊胚質量;臨床結局
Methods:The data of 243 cryopreserved single blastocyst transfer cycles at the Reproductive Center from January 2014 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzes. The clinical outcomes were compared among the blastocysts with different development periods and scoring parameters.
Results:Totally,the development periods & quality of blastocysts significantly impacted clinical pregnancy (P<0.05). The implantation rate(61.14% vs. 44.00%)and pregnancy rate (60.62% vs. 44.00%)of Day 5 and Day 6 blastocysts were significantly different (P<0.05). The implantation rate(66.94% vs. 47.90%)and pregnancy rate(66.94% vs. 47.06%)of high quality and non-quality blastocysts were also significantly different (P<0.01). There was no significance in age,body mass index,baseline hormone levels,endometrial thickness of the patients among the groups (P>0.05).
Conclusions:The transfer with high quality blastocysts on Day5 should be prioritized in cryopreserved single blastocyst transfer cycles.
(JReprodMed2016,25(10):926-931)
隨著胚胎培養技術的發展,囊胚培養的成功率得到改善,現已證實囊胚移植較卵裂期胚胎移植的臨床妊娠率高[1-3],Papanikolaou等[4]研究表明高評分的卵裂期胚胎培養至囊胚后移植相比高評分卵裂期胚胎移植組具有更好的妊娠率和活產率,近年來越來越多的輔助生殖中心開展單囊胚移植以期降低多胎率的同時維持可觀的妊娠率。囊胚冷凍前的人工皺縮技術的發展使得冷凍復蘇囊胚移植獲得了與新鮮囊胚移植相似的活產率[5-6],大大推進了囊胚冷凍復蘇技術在輔助生殖技術中的應用,但是如何在冷凍復蘇周期中挑選最佳發育潛能的囊胚還有待進一步研究。目前沿用的囊胚質量評分系統由Gardner等[7]提出,基于內細胞團、滋養外胚層形態和擴張等級三個參數。關于囊胚質量和囊胚時期對囊胚移植臨床結局的影響目前還存在爭議[8-10],而如何選擇最佳的囊胚進行移植關乎每對不孕夫婦的妊娠結局,這在單囊胚移植技術的推廣中尤為重要,因此,本研究旨在評估單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期中囊胚時期、囊胚質量與臨床結局的相關性,以期為臨床應用提供有效的參考。
一、研究對象
2014年1月至2015年12月在本院生殖醫學中心行輔助生殖治療的單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期患者。為減小其他因素的影響,患者納入研究標準:(1)在本中心行 IVF 助孕的患者,且為單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期;(2)年齡≤40歲;(3)夫妻雙方染色體核型分析正常;(4)內膜準備方案為HRT方案,排除中重度子宮內膜異位癥、子宮畸形、子宮多發性息肉患者。其中D5囊胚移植組193例;D6囊胚移植組50例。所有患者夫妻雙方均理解并簽署知情同意書。
二、研究方法
1. 治療方案:用常規促排卵方案進行卵巢刺激,B超監測卵泡生長發育,待主導卵泡直徑達18~20 mm當晚注射HCG 250 μg(默克雪蘭諾,德國)或HCG10 000 IU(麗珠醫藥),間隔 36 h左右在B超引導下嚴格按照無菌要求穿刺取卵。
2. IVF:均采用短時受精,將卵丘復合物采集后置 IVF (Vitrolife,Sweden)微滴中培養3 h,加入精子(1×104/卵),通過觀察第二極體的形成判斷受精。
3.受精、卵裂的觀察和冷凍胚胎的篩選:受精后置于G1(Vitrolife,Sweden)序貫培養液中培養,16~18 h觀察原核形成。取卵后48 h觀察卵裂情況,于72 h選擇優質胚胎移植、冷凍或將Day3的分裂期胚胎轉入囊胚培養液G2 (Vitrolife,Sweden)微滴中,繼續培養至Day5,觀察囊胚發育情況。根據Garnder囊胚分級法對囊胚進行分級[6],本中心將評分≥3BC或≥3CB的囊胚定為可冷凍囊胚。
4.囊胚冷凍與復蘇冷凍基礎液:本中心配置方法:羥乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)緩沖的合成人輸卵管液(mHTF)中添加20%人血清蛋白(SSS,SAGE);冷凍液Ⅰ:mHTF中添加10%乙二醇(EG,Sigma,Germany)+10%二甲基亞砜(DMSO,Sigma,Germany);冷凍液Ⅱ:mHTF中添加20%EG+20%DMSO+0.3 mol/L蔗糖(Sigma,Germany)。解凍液Ⅰ:mHTF中添加20%SSS+1 mol/L蔗糖;解凍液Ⅱ:mHTF中添加20%SSS+0.5 mol/L蔗糖;解凍液Ⅲ:mHTF中添加20% SSS+0.25 mol/L蔗糖;解凍液Ⅳ:mHTF中添加20%SSS。囊胚冷凍:將囊胚置于 G2 培養液(Vitrolife,Sweden) 30 μl 培養液滴內,利用激光破膜儀系統進行人工皺縮,待囊腔近乎完全皺縮后移入基礎冷凍平衡液,2 min后,先移入冷凍液Ⅰ中10 min,再移入冷凍液Ⅱ,60 s內裝載至冷凍載桿的塑料薄膜片上并直接投入液氮中保存。胚胎復蘇:37℃下,直接將載桿的塑料薄膜片迅速浸入解凍液Ⅰ,使胚胎滑落入培養液中。1 min后,按照濃度梯度遞減的順序,將胚胎在室溫下依次移入解凍液Ⅱ、解凍液Ⅲ、解凍液Ⅳ,并分別停留3、5、5 min,最后在37℃下將解凍液Ⅳ中的胚胎移入胚胎培養液(G2),于37℃、5%O2、6%CO2培養箱中培養2 h并觀察囊胚恢復情況后移植。
5. 子宮內膜的準備:患者從月經周期第 1天開始持續用補佳樂6 mg/d,月經周期第14天日開始監測子宮內膜厚度,當子宮內膜厚度超過8 mm,肌肉注射黃體酮60 mg,每日一次,囊胚于黃體酮注射后6 d移植。
6. 妊娠結局的判定、黃體支持及妊娠判定:胚胎移植后常規黃體支持,移植后14 d檢測血HCG陽性,4~6周B超檢查見孕囊及原始心管搏動視為臨床妊娠。
三、統計學方法

一、患者基本資料及囊胚時期、囊胚質量與臨床結局的關系
兩組患者一般情況比較無統計學差異(P>0.05)(表1)。
二、不同囊胚時期移植組患者臨床妊娠結局比較
囊胚時期(按D5囊胚移植、D6囊胚移植分組)、囊胚質量(按優質囊胚移植、非優質囊胚移植分組)與臨床妊娠率的關系有統計學意義(P<0.05)D5囊胚移植者的種植率和臨床妊娠率均高于D6囊胚移植者(P<0.05),而兩組患者雙胎率、畸形率、流產率、異位妊娠率等情況均無統計學差異(P>0.05)(表2)。
三、不同質量囊胚移植組患者臨床妊娠結局比較
優質的囊胚移植組植入率、臨床妊娠率均高于非優質囊胚組(P<0.05),而兩組的雙胎率、畸形率、流產率、異位妊娠率無統計學差異(P>0.05)(表3)。

表1 患者一般情況比較(x-±s)

表2 D5囊胚移植組與D6囊胚移植組患者臨床妊娠結局比較[n,(%)]
注:與D6囊胚移植組比較,*P<0.05

表3 優質囊胚移植組與非優質囊胚移植組患者臨床妊娠結局比較[n,(%)]
注:與非優質囊胚移植組比較,**P<0.01
隨著人類輔助生殖技術的發展,多胎已成為其重要的并發癥之一,多胎會增加孕婦妊娠及新生兒出生的風險,文獻報道在輔助生殖治療中多胎率的發生與女方年齡、治療過程等密切相關,其中一個關鍵的因素就是目前治療中用多胚胎移植的方法來提高妊娠率的臨床策略,因此在臨床實踐中推廣單胚胎移植是解決這一問題的有效方法,而囊胚期的單胚胎移植將是較好的選擇[11-12]。有文獻報道囊胚移植與子宮內膜的同步性更好,從而有利于提高妊娠率[13],此外,囊胚的形成需要延長體外培養時間,從而可以篩選出發育潛能更好的胚胎用于移植或冷凍,更有利于妊娠,囊胚培養挑選出了最佳發育潛能的胚胎。有報道顯示達到冷凍標準的頂級第三天胚胎有59%具有基因學的異常,而達到冷凍標準的頂級囊胚35%有基因學的異常[14],開展囊胚移植淘汰了部分具有遺傳缺陷的胚胎,這將有助于提高妊娠率,Papanikolaou等[2,15]報道在鮮胚移植中單囊胚移植較單分裂胚移植有更高的活產率。但是這也不能完全避免染色體異常而形態學正常的囊胚被移植[16],結合種植前基因學診斷可以有效的篩選染色體正常的囊胚進行移植,提高植入率和妊娠率[17-18]。同時囊胚培養也可能會增加某些患者的風險,導致無可移植胚胎的情況[13]。也有學者對兩種時期移植的出生兒結局做了調查,單因素回歸分析的結果發現囊胚移植、促排卵方案、供卵都可能增加同卵雙生的比率,而在多因素回歸分析中發現囊胚移植與同卵雙生的發生率更相關,但是具體機制還有待研究[19]。在輔助生殖中同卵雙生的比率在1.2%~8.9%[19],本結果由于受樣本量的局限,還未有相關的發現,后期會繼續觀察研究。因此,關于胚胎移植時期的選擇還是要根據患者情況進行,目前在輔助生殖臨床工作中,由于一些特殊情況的需要如預防嚴重OHSS的發生、患者鮮胚移植日陰道感染等,能否開展單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期移植成為廣大患者和工作人員關注的焦點,本研究旨在評估單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期中囊胚時期、囊胚質量與臨床結局的相關性,以期為臨床單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期的推廣提供有效的參考。
關于囊胚質量與妊娠結局的關系的研究還存在爭議[20-23]。目前沿用的囊胚質量評分系統由Gardner等[7]提出,基于內細胞團、滋養外胚層形態和擴張等級三個參數。一些研究者認為內細胞團等級與臨床妊娠率呈正相關,內細胞團質量越好妊娠結局越好[24],然而,Hill等[25]和Thompson等[26]通過研究表明,在新鮮移植周期和冷凍復蘇周期中滋養外胚層質量越好則臨床妊娠率和活產率越高。此外,Ahlstrom等[27]和Abbeel等[28]研究表明依據囊胚腔擴張的等級可以預測單囊胚移植后的臨床結局。在本研究納入的243例單囊胚冷凍復蘇移植患者中,均是用常規促排卵方案的IVF患者,依據患者的知情同意開展單囊胚冷凍復蘇移植。本研究表明在單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期中囊胚質量與臨床結局的關系有統計學差異,內細胞團和滋養層質量優質的囊胚無論是植入率還是臨床妊娠率均高于非優質囊胚組,而兩組的多胎率、畸形率、流產率無統計學差異,提示在臨床實踐中應優先挑選優質囊胚進行移植。至于為什么優質囊胚具有更好的臨床結局相關機制還有待于進一步研究。有報道提示優質囊胚的非整倍體率要低于非優質囊胚[29-30],而非整倍體的比率與流產的發生相關[31-32],值得注意的是在本結果中優質囊胚移植組的流產率與非優質囊胚移植組的差異有趨勢但無統計學意義(10.84% vs. 12.50%),可能與本研究樣本量偏小有關,預計將進行后續的追蹤。
關于究竟是移植D5囊胚還是D6囊胚更具優勢目前還存在爭議[8-10],Dessolle等[33]認為D5囊胚移植的健康嬰兒出生率顯著高于 D6囊胚移植,建議避免 D6 移植,認為囊胚時期是關乎妊娠結局的重要因素。Muthukumar等[34]研究發現D5囊胚移植的臨床妊娠率和植入率均高于 D6 囊胚移植;王雪等[35]發現D5囊胚的種植率、活產率高于D6囊胚,但無統計學差異。本研究結果表明在冷凍復蘇周期中囊胚時期影響妊娠結局,D5囊胚移植者的種植率和臨床妊娠率均高于D6囊胚移植者,而兩組患者年齡、BMI值、基礎內分泌、流產率、異位妊娠率等情況均無統計學差異,與已報道的研究結果[34]是一致的,因此針對這部分患者在選擇囊胚移植時可以優選D5囊胚從而改善臨床妊娠結局。有研究認為D6囊胚的發育潛能要低于D5囊胚,這可能是D5囊胚移植結局好于D6囊胚的原因之一[36]。也有文獻提示D5囊胚的非整倍體率要低于D6囊胚(53.3% vs. 60.2%),但是這種差異無統計學意義[29]。因此,相關機制還有待進一步研究。
綜上所述,對于單囊胚冷凍復蘇周期的患者,在選擇囊胚移植時,為了使患者利益最大化,在臨床實踐中應該診視每一枚形成的囊胚,同時根據實際情況可以首先優選D5優質囊胚進行移植,本研究的結果將為推動冷凍復蘇周期單囊胚移植提供有效的臨床依據。但是由于本研究是小樣本的回顧性研究,囊胚選擇的數據主要基于本中心現有的標準,結果還存在局限性,待后續研究。
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[編輯:谷炤]
Development periods and quality of blastocysts impact clinical outcomes in cryopreserved single blastocyst transfer cycles
NI Xiao-bei,WANG Shan-shan,ZHANG Ning-yuan,SUN Hai-xiang*
CenterofReproductiveMedicine,DrumTowerHospitalAffiliatedtoNanjingUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Nanjing210008
Objective:To assess cycle outcome among the blastocysts with different development periods and scoring parameters in cryopreserved single blastocyst transfer cycles.
Cryopreserved single blastocyst transfer cycle;Development periods of blastocyst;Blastocysts quality;Clinical outcomes
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2016.10.014
2016-03-24;
2016-04-24
倪曉蓓,女,江蘇南通人,碩士,研究實習員,主要從事生殖醫學研究.(*