楊 元,袁正洲,呂志宇,張淑江,李曉紅,李作孝
(西南醫科大學附屬醫院神經內科,四川 瀘州 646000)
?
血管活性腸肽(VIP)對實驗性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠腦組織IL-17A含量的影響
楊 元,袁正洲,呂志宇,張淑江,李曉紅,李作孝
(西南醫科大學附屬醫院神經內科,四川 瀘州 646000)
目的 探討血管活性腸肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP)對實驗性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)大鼠腦組織IL-17A含量的影響。方法 60只健康雌性Wistar大鼠隨機分成正常對照組、EAE對照組、VIP低劑量防治組和VIP高劑量防治組。利用髓鞘堿性蛋白(MBP)+完全福氏佐劑(CFA)誘導建立EAE模型。自造模當日起,每隔一日分別對VIP低、高劑量防治組大鼠腹腔注射VIP 4 nmol/kg(0.2 mL)、16 nmoL/kg(0.8 mL),正常對照組及EAE對照組注射0.8 mL生理鹽水,連續10 d。觀察大鼠發病情況;ELISA法檢測腦組織勻漿中IL-17A因子含量變化;免疫組化技術,利用抗膠質纖維酸性蛋白抗體(GFAP)檢測腦組織內的星型膠質細胞活化情況。結果 VIP各劑量防治組大鼠發病潛伏期延長、進展期縮短、發病高峰期神經功能障礙評分(NDS)降低,腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量降低,活化的星型膠質細胞即GFAP+細胞量減少,且各劑量組間存在一定劑量依賴關系。結論 VIP通過降低腦組織中IL-17A含量、抑制星型膠質細胞活化,發揮對EAE的防治作用。
血管活性腸肽;實驗性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎;IL-17A;GFAP+星型膠質細胞
多發性硬化(multiple sclerosis, MS)作為一種中樞神經系統(central nervous system,CNS)的自身免疫性疾病,其病因尚不明確,各種病因通過破壞Th1/Th2細胞免疫平衡,最終導致CNS炎細胞浸潤、白質脫髓鞘、軸突變性等病理改變[1,2]。隨著對其動物模型實驗性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(EAE)研究深入,越來越多的證據表明Th17細胞分泌的IL-17A因子在該疾病發病過程中也發揮重要的作用[3-5]。血管活性腸肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP)是一種非膽堿能非腎上腺能神經遞質,由28個氨基酸殘基組成,屬于胰高血糖素-胰泌素家族[6,7]。研究表明VIP通過誘導免疫細胞增殖、分化、活化及遷移,抑制炎癥因子(IL-17A、IFN-γ、NO等)的合成及分泌,發揮免疫調節的作用[8]。國內外有將VIP運用在類風濕關節炎(RA)的治療報道[9,10],但尚未明確闡明VIP對MS發病中各種免疫細胞因子的具體作用,因此本實驗通過探討VIP對EAE大鼠腦組織IL-17A含量影響、星型膠質細胞活化影響,為臨床應用VIP治療MS提供理論依據。
1.1 主要實驗動物、藥物及試劑
健康雌性Wistar大鼠60只(200 g~250 g/只、6~8周齡)、健康豚鼠10只(250 g~300 g)/只,均購買于西南醫科大學實驗動物中心,均為一級合格動物【生產許可證號:SCXK(川)2013-17】(喂食清潔飼料和自來水,每日按時更換墊料,保持動物房的清潔、適宜的溫度和濕度等,使用許可證號【SYXK(川)2013-181】);血管活性腸肽(北京博奧森生物技術有限公司);完全弗氏佐劑CFA(美國Sigma公司產品);IL-17A ELISA免疫試劑盒(廣州雅怡生物科技有限公司 );兔抗GFAP多克隆抗體(1:160)(上海雅吉生物科技有限公司);SP免疫組化試劑盒(武漢博士德生物技術公司)。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 免疫抗原的制備:斷頸處死10只豚鼠后,在無菌條件下迅速分離出脊髓,去脊膜,稱重后移入玻璃勻漿器,與等量的0℃生理鹽水混合后研磨成50%的全脊髓勻漿(WSCH)。將完全弗氏佐劑(CFA)與WSCH等體積混合,玻璃注射器抽打至油包水乳狀,以滴在水面不散即為合格抗原。
1.2.2 實驗動物分組、制模及藥物干預:將60只雌性Wistar大鼠隨機分為四組(15只/組):正常對照組、EAE對照組、VIP低劑量防治組、VIP高劑量防治組。將免疫抗原注入EAE對照組、VIP低、高劑量防治組大鼠雙側后肢足掌皮下(0.2 mL/100 g)進行主動免疫,正常對照組給予等量生理鹽水+CFA。自造模當日起,VIP低、高劑量防治組每隔一日分別腹腔注射VIP 4 nmoL/kg (0.2 mL)、16 nmoL/kg (0.8 mL),正常對照組及EAE對照組給予腹腔注射0.8 mL NS,連續10 d。
1.2.3 動態觀察實驗動物:自造模日起,每日早晨10 時 由同一觀察者采用Kono’s評分標準對大鼠進行神經功能讓障礙評分(NDS)。在發病高峰期(將連續3 d評分無加重、四肢癱瘓或死亡作為大鼠發病高峰期)處死大鼠,未發病大鼠飼養8周后處死。
1.2.4 檢測腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量變化:采用雙抗體夾心(ABC-ELISA)法檢測腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量。
1.2.5 檢測腦組織中星型膠質細胞的活化情況:利用免疫組織化學(SP)技術,采用抗膠質纖維酸性蛋白抗體(GFAP)檢測各組大鼠腦組織內的星型膠質細胞活化情況。
將大鼠腦組織行石蠟切片后常規脫蠟、水化、清除內源性過氧化物酶活性、封閉組織蛋白后,逐次滴加一抗(以1∶160 稀釋的兔抗GFAP多克隆抗體)、生物素標記的二抗 (山羊抗兔IgG抗體)、鏈霉卵白素(辣根酶標記),DAB顯色液,復染,脫水,透明,封片。400倍光鏡下觀察大鼠腦組織GFAP+細胞表達情況,胞質呈棕黃色為陽性細胞。采用ImagePro Plus 軟件分析GFAP+細胞的平均光密度值(IOD),對GFAP+表達行半定量測定。
3.1 各組大鼠的發病情況
正常對照組大鼠未發病,EAE對照組、VIP各劑量組大鼠均出現不同程度的臨床癥狀:發病大鼠先后表現為食量下降,精神萎靡,后肢無力,尾部拖地,在免疫后第14~17天病情癥狀最為典型:大鼠出現雙側后肢無力拖地、行走畫圈、爬行困難、自傷后肢、精神極度衰弱、抽搐、甚至死亡。但與EAE對照組比較,VIP低、高劑量組大鼠癥狀明顯緩解,表現為發病潛伏期時間延長、進展期時間縮短、發病高峰期NDS降低。見表1。
3. 2 各組大鼠腦組織中IL-17的含量變化
同正常對照組比較,EAE對照組、VIP各劑量組大鼠腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量升高;與EAE對照組比較,VIP各劑量組大鼠腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量明顯降低;與VIP低劑量組比較,VIP高劑量組腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量明顯降低。說明在IL-17A在EAE發病過程中起促進作用;同時VIP可以降低EAE大鼠腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量,且呈一定劑量依賴關系。見表2。
3.3 各組大鼠腦組織中星型膠質細胞活化情況
正常對照組大鼠腦組織未見GFAP+細胞表達;EAE對照組大鼠腦組織內活化的GFAP+細胞呈彌漫性分布;VIP各劑量組大鼠腦組織GFAP+細胞明顯減少,主要延血管周圍分布。見表3,圖1。

Tab.1 Comparison of the incubation period, progression period and peak neurological dysfunction scores in the EAE control group and each dose VIP treatment group

組別Groups潛伏期(d)incubationperiod進展期(d)ProgressionperiodNDS(min)NDSscoresEAE對照組Contol10.34±2.137.85±1.654.16±0.77VIP低劑量組LowdoseVIP14.17±1.67★6.20±1.97☆3.75±0.98ΔVIP高劑量組HighdoseVIP20.73±1.98★●3.99±1.57★○2.59±0.58★●F37.4828.5418.95P<0.01<0.05<0.01
注: 與EAE對照組比較,★P<0.01、☆P<0.05、ΔP>0.05; 與VIP低劑量組比較,●P<0.01、○P<0.05.
Note.★P<0.01,☆P<0.05 andΔP>0.05, Compared with the control group.●P<0.01,○P<0.05, Compared with the low-dose VIP group.

Tab.2 Content of IL-17A in the brain tissue of each group rats

組別Groups動物數nIL-17A(pg/mL)正常對照組Normalcontrol1522.84±3.51EAE對照組EAEcontrol1578.26±5.87★VIP低劑量組Low-doseVIP1557.49±4.85★●VIP高劑量組High-doseVIP1530.01±5.59★●▲F101.99P<0.01
注:與正常對照組比較,★P<0.01;與EAE對照組比較,●P<0.01;與VIP低劑量組比較,▲P<0.01。
Note.★P<0.01, compared with the normal control group.●P<0.01, compared with the EAE control group.▲P<0.01, compared with the low-dose VIP group.

Tab.3 The average IOD of GFAP+cells in the brain tissue of EAE control group and each dose VIP group by immunohistochemistry(×10-2)

組別Groups動物數nGFAP+細胞平均IOD(×10-2)MeanIODofGFAP+cellsEAE對照組EAEcontrol1515.78±1.92VIP低劑量組Low-doseVIP1512.40±1.79☆VIP高劑量組High-doseVIP158.32±1.82★▲F48.09P<0.01
注: 與EAE對照組比較,★P<0.01、☆P<0.05;與VIP低劑量組比較,▲P<0.01。
Note.★P<0.01,☆P<0.05, compared with the EAE control group.▲P<0.01, compared with the low-dose VIP group.

圖1 各組大鼠側腦室旁腦組織GFAP+細胞表達。免疫組化染色,(標尺=100 μm)。Fig.1 Expression of GFAP+ cells in the rat lateral ventricle of all group rats. Immunohistochemical staining.
3.4 相關性分析顯示
利用Pearson 直線相關軟件分析,結果顯示發病大鼠腦組織勻漿中IL-17A因子含量與與發病高峰期NDS呈正相關 (r=0.798,P<0.05),與腦組織勻漿中GFAP+細胞平均IOD呈正相關(r=0.825,P<0.05)。
IL-17A作為一種具強促炎作用的細胞因子,其主要作用包括:①調節固有免疫[11,12]:IL-17A作為炎癥介質,參與自身免疫性炎性疾病的發生和發展,通過作用于基因靶點產生急性反應蛋白、炎癥趨化因子等物質,同時上調MHC-II抗原、集落共刺激因子、及T細胞刺激因子、促使T細胞活化,導致免疫失衡;②信號轉導作用[13,14]:IL-17A作為細胞內及細胞間信使,參與信號的轉導過程,可促進多種炎性蛋白的轉錄及合成,加速免疫紊亂。
星型膠質細胞作為中樞神經系統一種非特異性抗原提呈細胞(APC),參與復雜的免疫病理過程[15]。在EAE的炎癥反應中,IL-17A通過Act1轉錄因子激活星型膠質細胞促進釋放炎癥因子,加速髓鞘脫失的發生發展[16,17],同時活化的星型膠質細胞通過上調GFAP+的表達,形成活化的膠質斑塊[18]。因此抑制LI-17A產生、干預星型膠質細胞介導的炎癥過程,是治療EAE的一種有效方法。
本實驗研究發現:與正常對照組相比,EAE對照組、VIP各劑量組大鼠腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量升高(P均 <0.01)、腦組織中GFAP+細胞的平均光密度值(IOD)增加(P<0.01、P<0.05),表明IL-17A在EAE發生發展過程中起促進作用。與EAE對照組比較,VIP各劑量組大鼠腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量均明顯降低(P<0.01)、腦組織中GFAP+細胞的IOD明顯降低(P<0.01),且兩者呈正相關關系(r=0.825,P<0.05)。表明VIP通過降低發病大鼠腦組織勻漿中IL-17A含量,可明顯緩解EAE大鼠腦組織星型膠質細胞活化的病理改變,從而減輕EAE的臨床表現。
[1] Abad C, Waschek JA. Immunomodulatory roles of VIP and PACAP in models of multiple sclerosis [J]. Curr Pharm Des, 2011, 17(10): 1025-1035.
[2] Delgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D. The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation [J]. Pharmacol Rev, 2004, 56(2): 249-290.
[3] Domingues HS, Mues M, Lassmann H, et al. Functional and pathogenic differences of Th1 and Th17 cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [J]. PLoS One, 2010, 5(11): e15531.
[4] Kang ZZ, Altuntas CZ, Gulen MF, et al. Astrocyte-restricted ablation of interleukin-17-induced Act1-mediated signaling ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis [J]. Immunity, 2010, 32(3): 414-425.
[5] Geremia A, Jewell DP. The IL-23 /IL-17 pathway in inflammatory bowel diseases [J]. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 6( 2): 223-237.
[6] Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, et al. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors: 20 years after the discovery [J]. Pharmacol Rev, 2009, 61(3): 283-357.
[7] Delgodo M, Robledo D, Rueda B, et al. Genetic association of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor with rheumatoid arthritis [J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2008, 58(4): 1010-1019.
[8] Waschek JA. VIP and PACAP: neuropeptide modulators of CNS inflammation, injury, and repair [J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2013, 169(3): 512-523.
[9] Jimeno R, Gomariz RP, Garín M, et al.The pathogenic Th profile of human activated memory Th cells in early rheumatoid arthritis can be modulated by VIP [J]. J Mol Med (Berl), 2015, 93(4): 457-467.
[10] Jimeno R, Leceta J, Garín M, et al.Th17 polarization of memory Th cells in early arthritis: the vasoactive intestinal peptide effect [J]. Leukoc Biol, 2015, 98(2): 257-269.
[11] Patel DD, Kuchroo VK. Th17 cell pathway in human immunity: lessons from genetics and therapeutic interventions [J]. Immunity, 2015, 43(6): 1040-1051.
[12] Sharma J, Balakrishnan L, Datta KK, et al. A knowledge base resource for interleukin-17 family mediated signaling [J]. J Cell Commun Signal, 2015, 9(3): 291-296.
[13] Krstic J, Obradovic H, Kukolj T, et al. An overview of interleukin-17A and interleukin-17 receptor A structure, interaction and signaling [J]. Protein Pept Lett, 2015, 22(7): 570-578.
[14] Waisman A1, Hauptmann J, Regen T. The role of IL-17 in CNS diseases [J]. Acta Neuropathol, 2015, 129(5): 625-637.
[15] Yang JF, Tao HQ, Liu YM, et al. Characterization of the interaction between astrocytes and encephalitogenic lymphocytes during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalitomyelitis (EAE) in mice [J]. Clin Exp Immunol, 2012, 170(3): 254-265.
[16] Kang ZZ, Altuntas CZ, Gulen MF, et al. Astrocyte-restricted ablation of interleukin-17-induced Act1-mediated signaling ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis [J]. Immunity, 2010, 32(3): 414-425.
[17] Kang ZZ, Wang CH, Zepp J, et al. Act1 mediates IL-17-induced EAE pathogenesis selectively in NG2+ glial cells [J]. Nat Neurosci, 2013, 16(10): 1401-1408.
[18] Yan YP, Ding XL, Li K, et al. CNS-specific therapy for ongoing EAE by silencing IL-17 pathway in astrocytes [J]. Mol Ther,2012, 20(7): 1338-1348.
Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the content of IL-17A in the brain tissue of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)
YANG Yuan, YUAN Zheng-zhou, LV Zhi-yu, ZHANG Shu-jiang, LI Xiao-hong, LI Zuo-xiao
(Department of Neurology. Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou Sichuan 646000, China)
Objective To explore the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the content of IL-17A in the brain tissue of rat models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods Sixty healthy female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, EAE control group, low-dose VIP group and high-dose VIP group. Ten healthy guinea pigs were used to prepare anti- IL-17A antibody. Myelin basic protein (MBP) + complete adjuvant (CFA) were used to establish the EAE model. Since the first day of modelling, the low-dose and high-dose VIP groups received intraperitoneal injection of VIP 4 nmol/kg (0.2 mL) and 16 nmol/kg (0.8 mL), respectively, every other day for 10 consecutive days. The normal control group and EAE group were injected with 0.8 mL saline instead of VIP. The incubation period, progression and the peak of neurological dysfunction scores (NDS) of the rats were recorded. The levels of IL-17A in the brain tissue was determined by ELISA assay, and the GFAP+astrocyte activation in brain at morbidity peak in the rats was examined using anti-GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) antibodies. Results The incubation period were extended, the progression period was shortened and the peak neuological dysfunction score (NDS) was decreased in the VIP-treated groups, in a dose-response relationship. The cytokine levels of IL-17A and the astrocyte activation degree in brain tissue were reduced in each VIP dose group, in a dose-response relationship. Conclusions VIP exerts therapeutic effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through lowering the IL-17A content and inhibition of astrocyte activation in the brain tissue.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; IL-17A; GFAP+astrocytes; Rats; Guinea pigs
楊元,女,碩士,E-mail: lsh880801@163.com,電話:18715760908。
李作孝,男,教授,碩士生導師,E-mail: lzx3235@sina.cn,電話:13882794776。
R-33
A
1671-7856(2016)10-0032-04
10.3969.j.issn.1671-7856. 2016.10.007
2016-05-06