本期論文英文摘要

ABSTRACTS

The Development Logic and Implications of Systematic Governance of “Mountains， Rivers， Forests， Fields， Lakes， Grassland and Desert” in the CPCs 100-Year History◎Fan Qi

Systematic governance is always a key point in the ecological civilization construction led by the Communist Party of China（CPC）， whose thought of systematically governing “mountains， rivers， forests， fields， lakes， grassland and desert” is one of its most important theoretical forms. Since the founding of the CPC， the thought and practice of governing “mountains， rivers， forests， fields， lakes， grassland and desert” have gone through four main stages of development： the period of partial exploration after the founding of the CPC， the period of national exploration after the founding of Peoples Republic of China， the period of institutional practice after the reform and opening up， and the period of overall promotion since the new era. It is conducive to mapping the development phases and patterns of the thought of ecological systematic governance in the CPCs 100-year history to trace how the thought of “mountains， rivers， forests， fields， lakes， grassland and desert” has developed and to summarize its evolutionary logic and implications for reality. It is also helpful to lead the ecological civilization construction to a direction of more systematic， holistic， comprehensive and scientific governance.

The Centennial Evolution and Historical Experience of the CPCs Concept of Disaster Reduction and Relief◎Pan Jie & Yu Wenshan

Disaster reduction and relief is not only related to the safety of peoples lives and property， but also an important embodiment of peoples sense of security and happiness， which runs through the CPCs revolutionary construction and governance of state affairs. Over the past 100 years， the party leaders in various periods have made corresponding elaboration on the disaster reduction and relief policies， and the actual work has also achieved remarkable results. As the partys disaster management ability has been significantly improved， peoples sense of security， satisfaction and happiness has also increased tremendously. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC， under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core， disaster reduction and relief efforts have achieved historic breakthroughs. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to review the history and summarize the historical experience of disaster reduction and relief work of the CPC in the past 100 years.

Environmental Aesthetics， Ethics， and Ecoaesthetics

◎Allen Carlson， trans.， Zhou Sizhao， revised， Cheng Xiangzhan

This essay is an overview of recent research aimed at establishing a link between environmental aesthetics and environmental ethics. I review the work of several prominent environmental philosophers and environmental aestheticians， spelling out some of the difficulties confronting various attempts to find such a link. While I argue that a case can be made for a connection between environmental aesthetics and environmental ethics concerning human-created and human-influenced environments， I find that there are a number of problems facing attempts to establish a similar connection for natural or pristine environments. I examine some attempts to support such a connection， including each of two different accounts of the aesthetic appreciation of nature in contemporary Western environmental aesthetics as well as the union of these two accounts， sometimes called ecoaesthetics. I briefly discuss two Western versions of ecoaesthetics and then turn to research by Chinese aestheticians， who defend a more robust version of ecoaesthetics. I suggest that this latter work may succeed in connecting environmental aesthetics and environmental ethics， although not in exactly the way in which such a link has been pursued by Western philosophers.

On the Significance of Allen Carlsons Scientific Cognitivist Theory◎Xue Fuxing

Allen Carlsons scientific cognitivist theory philosophically holds an objective position towards nature while stressing the role of scientific knowledge for appropriate aesthetic appreciation of nature at the practical level. It lays a solid theoretical foundation for the consciousness of aesthetic appreciation of nature and provides a crucial guide for aesthetic appreciation of environments in which people perceive， understand， and experience the eco-mechanism of mutual-independence and co-existence of internal elements within natural communities as well. The theory can be a helpful reference for Chinese scholars to initiatively reflect on the subjective tendency—comparing things in nature to virtues， using scenes in nature to express emotions， and finding peace in nature—of the traditional aesthetic appreciation of nature in ancient China. However， the theory needs further improvement in many aspects as it is still incomplete.

A New Vision of Environmental Aesthetics Blended with Beauty and Goodness： An Interview with Professor Alan Carlson◎Allen Carlson & Xue Fuxing

This is the second interview between Allen Carlson and Xue Fuxing. In this interview， the dialogue focuses on the recent development of Allen Carlsons “Scientific Cognitivist Theory” in environmental aesthetics. Carlsons main achievements in the new century concentrate on two aspects. First， he introduces environmental ethic dimension into his theory famous for its original “cognitive approach”; second， strongly interested in Chinese ecoaesthetics， he argues that Chinese contemporary ecological aesthetics which stresses the harmony between human and nature may provide a new alternative for todays Western environmental aesthetics faced with the hard choice of the traditional modern dichotomy between fact and value. However， Xue Fuxing prefers to hold the original position of the theory because this kind of theory can be quite crucial for a right starting point both for aesthetics of nature and aesthetics of environment. Moreover， it can be a powerful instrument for Chinese scholars to reflect the subjective tradition of aesthetic appreciation of nature in ancient China.

Liability and Climate Change◎Michael Faure & Marjan Peeters， trans.， Ma Liang & Xie Yong

In view of the need to curb greenhouse gases， the question arises as to the functions of liability in providing effective incentives for emitters in order to change their behavior. Liability for emitting greenhouse gases exists （or can exist） in the area of public law and private law and can be subdivided into international， administrative， and criminal liability （public law liabilities） and tort law liability （private law liability）. Actions for holding individual and legal persons（such as states， authorities， and companies） liable can， depending on the specific jurisdiction， be triggered by citizens but also by legal persons， such as authorities， companies， and non-governmental organizations （NGOs）， particularly environmental NGOs. The central question in this article is how climate liability is arranged under public law and whether there would be any role for climate liability to play under private law， thereby applying a legal and economic methodology. That so-called law and economics doctrine is a useful approach as it has given a lot of attention， for example， to the different functions of specific legal instruments（more particularly regulation， including taxation and emissions trading and tort law liability） for mitigating greenhouse gases. Meanwhile， in practice， various examples can be identified whereby tort law liability is used as a complement to greenhouse gas regulation. This specific use of tort liability is analyzed in the light of the law and economics literature， thereby pointing at prospects but also at remaining core questions. The success of tort law actions will most likely greatly depend on the（lack of）ambition vested into the emissions regulations at international and national levels. One of the exciting questions for the near future is to what extent judges feel able to step into the regulation of the climate change problem， in an ex ante way. The most difficult cases are obviously those where a regulatory system concerning greenhouse gas mitigation has been put in place and where the court system is strong， but where particular groups consider the regulations to be insufficient.

On the EU Effort Sharing Regulation Concerning Climate Governance and Its Referential Significance： With the EU 2030 Emission Reduction Target as the Background◎Ma Liang

In May 2018， the EU issued the Effort Sharing Regulation， which continued the “top-down” legal rules on emissions reduction sharing within the EU and strengthened the governance model of member states in non-ETS areas. The new EU Effort Sharing Regulation pursues to control the global temperature rise of the Paris Agreement， a fair and cost-effective way which also maintains the integrity of the environment to achieve GHG emission reduction， and the leadership of political order on climate change. The Effort Sharing Regulation is the key for the EU to achieve the overall emission reduction target by 2030. The core rules include the regulatory scope and industries， climate governance and emission reduction targets， annual emission quotas， regulatory measures and flexibility mechanisms， etc. The legal effectiveness of the new Regulation is obviously enhanced， and it is closely aligned with the EU secondary laws ， especially the energy laws. However， the effect of its implementation and low targets have been questioned， and the flexibility mechanism（from ETS and LULUCF） and the safety reserve may have negative impacts. After sorting out the legal text of the Effort Sharing Regulation and examining relevant systems and practices from a critical perspective， the following inspirations are drawn for China to achieve the emission reduction target： to see GHG emission reduction as a new development opportunity; to synergistically regulate the greenhouse gas emission reduction with multi-targets; to regulate GHG emission reduction by legal approaches; to formulate a fair， scientific and reasonable program for the allocation of carbon emission rights.

Clarification of Controversial Topics on Ecological Poetics◎Mei Zhen

There are many ambiguous definitions and interpretations in the current terminology of ecological poetics. It is necessary to apply ecological holism and the principle of intersubjectivity to distinguish some keywords that are extremely similar， easily confused but different in nature so that more people can understand and accept ecological thought. Some terms have long been misunderstood and confused such as “ecological literature” and “ecological protection”， “self” and “non-self” in ecological literature， “from the perspective of mankind” and “anthropocentrism”， “intersubjectivity” between man and nature and “speaking for nature”， humans “subjective initiative” and “destructiveness”， “humility” and “inferiority” when facing nature， “awe”， “fear” and “worship” of nature， “depending on nature” or “using nature” and “destroying nature”， “equality” or “indistinguishability” of all things in nature， etc. Therefore， there are more practical disputes on specific ecological issues and actual cases such as whether only “vegetarians” do not violate ecological ethics， what are the essential differences between “environmentalism” and “ecological holism”， in the “land crisis” caused by the commodity economy， what to choose between the market value and ecological value of the land， how to define and settle the boundary and conflict between wild animals and human society known as the “tiger paradox”， to name just a few. Faced with the severe situation of the global ecological crisis， more people should know and understand the connotation and importance of ecological holism， and more people and countries should practice maintaining the overall balance， beauty， health and sustainable development of the ecology.

Atonement for Modern People by Poetry： On Hou Liangxues Ecological Poetry

◎Wang Shudong

Hou Liangxues ecological poetry has formed a relatively stable style in thought and art. Deeply preoccupied with a strong sense of ecological doomsday， he poignantly criticizes the anti-ecological nature of modern civilization， pays much attention to the tragic fate of animals， prefers to combine body writing and ecological writing， and stimulates modern peoples numb ecological nerves with his poetry imbued with ecological ugliness. Meanwhile， he diligently puts ecological ethics into practice and pursues the ideal of harmony between man and nature. Therefore， Hou Liangxues ecological poetry occupies an important position in the history of contemporary ecological poetry. Of course， there are some limitations in his ecological poetry too. For example， there are more conceptual traces but less poetic touches.

The Cultivation of Ecological Personality and the Writing of Ecological Poetry： A Dialogue on Ecological Poetry◎Hou Liangxue & Shen Wenjun

In 2010， the ecological poet Hou Liangxue met Shen Wenjun， a freelance scholar and poet who studies the philosophy of thinking， circular economy and the subject of Chinas modernization. Under the influence of Hou Liangxue， Shen Wenjun also began to create ecological poetry. Both of them live in Yuncheng， Shanxi， 45 kilometers apart. They often discuss ecological poetry writing and ecological theory together， and benefit from each other. Their collaboration began in 2017 with Hou Liangxue writing poems and Shen Wenjun making comments. In 2019 they published Appreciation of Hou Liangxues Ecological Poetry， in which Hou Liangxue conducts the exploration and innovation of ecological poetry into daily life， and Shen Wenjun puts forward the concept of interecology and interecological aesthetic appreciation. They were invited to have a dialogue on the cultivation of ecological personality and the writing of ecological poetry in the issue of “Ecological Poetics and Eco-Poetry Research” with the aim of providing some references for Chinese ecological poetry creation and theoretical innovation.

A Survey of the Academic Forum of “Anthropocene， Climate Change and Literary Representation”

◎Jiang Lifu

Being on the cutting edge of geology and geoscience， the Anthropocene has been widely accepted by scholars in disciplines of humanities and social sciences in the west in recent years. The concept of the Anthropocene can also be adopted in ecocriticism since it can enrich ecological discourses， refreshing and revolutionizing many traditional ideas about human beings and our Earth. The study of the concept of the Anthropocene is underway both in the west and China. Nine Chinese scholars uttered their voices about the Anthropocene in the academic forum of “Anthropocene， Climate Change and Literary Representation” and they made inspiring and tentative explorations into how the concept of the Anthropocene is adopted in literary criticism. Their contributions are mainly as follows： the construction of the Anthropocene as critical discourses; the practice of the Anthropocene cli-fi criticism; the reference with Chinese culture in the Anthropocene criticism， and the Anthropocene as a methodology.

責任編輯：王俊暐