尹優聰,李元建
(中南大學藥學院藥理學系,湖南長沙 410078)
·綜 述·
降鈣素基因相關肽介導的藥物藥理學效應
尹優聰,李元建
(中南大學藥學院藥理學系,湖南長沙 410078)
降鈣素基因相關肽(CGRP)是感覺神經纖維釋放的主要神經遞質,廣泛分布于中樞和外周組織。在心血管系統,CGRP除了強效舒血管作用外,還能保護缺血心肌,減輕心臟重構。硝酸甘油的抗心絞痛作用及吳茱萸次堿的降壓作用和減輕心臟重構作用均與促進CGRP合成與釋放有關。在胃腸道,CGRP參與胃腸功能的調節并能減輕胃黏膜損傷,吳茱萸次堿、辣椒素及其衍生物通過促進CGRP的合成和釋放對多種因素誘導的胃黏膜損傷具有保護作用。
降鈣素基因相關肽;硝酸甘油;吳茱萸次堿;辣椒素;沙坦類藥物
降鈣素基因相關肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是第一個通過基因重組和生物合成的神經多肽,由37個氨基酸組成,有α和β兩種亞型,分別由降鈣素/α-CGRP基因與β-CGRP基因編碼。CGRP為辣椒素敏感感覺神經的主要遞質,在神經元胞體合成,儲存于神經末梢。CGRP的合成與釋放受多種因素調節,瞬時受體電位通道香草酸1型(transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1,TRPV1)又稱辣椒素受體亞型1(vanilloid receptor subtype1,VR1)是調節CGRP合成與釋放的關鍵受體[1]。TRPV1結合位點位于細胞膜內側,其內源性配體花生四烯酸乙醇胺(anandamide)經轉運體運載進入胞內才發揮作用[2]。CGRP與CGRP受體相互作用而發揮效應。CGRP具有廣泛而復雜的生物學效應。在神經組織,CGRP與神經痛和偏頭痛發作有關;在心血管系統,CGRP除了調節血管張力,維持循環穩定外,還能減輕缺血損傷,抑制心肌成纖維細胞增殖及心臟重構[3];在胃腸道,CGRP對胃黏膜具有保護作用[4-5]。CGRP參與多種心血管疾病如高血壓、心肌梗死、心衰和肺動脈高壓等的病理生理過程,應用外源性CGRP可治療高血壓、肺動脈高壓、急性肺損傷、腦和心臟缺血再灌注損傷和慢性心力衰竭等疾?。?,6-9],推測影響內源性CGRP合成和釋放可能是尋找藥物的新途徑。
硝酸甘油是治療心絞痛的經典藥物,目前臨床除了治療心絞痛外,也用于治療慢性心功能不全。研究證明,硝酸甘油對缺血性心肌病與慢性心功能不全的治療作用涉及CGRP途徑。
1.1 CGRP介導硝酸甘油的抗心絞痛作用
硝酸甘油通過舒張小靜脈,減少回心血量,減輕心室壁張力,降低心肌耗氧量;另一方面,硝酸甘油舒張冠狀動脈,增加心肌缺血區供血而發揮抗心絞痛作用。已知硝酸甘油在線粒體乙醛脫氫酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH)催化下釋放一氧化氮(NO)而產生舒血管效應[10]。近年來,我們發現,硝酸甘油治療心絞痛的機制與CGRP的釋放有關。離體血管實驗表明,硝酸甘油的舒血管作用可被CGRP受體阻斷劑(CGRP8-37)或辣椒素(耗竭CGRP)所消除[11-13];在在體動物,硝酸甘油的降壓作用同樣因被預先給予辣椒素耗竭CGRP所消除[14]。為了在人體證明硝酸甘油通過CGRP介導的舒血管作用,以ALDH多態性為切入點,將健康個體按ALDH基因型分2組,即ALDH2×1/×1組(正常野生型純合子,ALDH 504位為谷氨酸,酶活性高)和ALDH2×2組(攜帶突變等位體,ALDH 504位為賴氨酸,酶活性降低),2組個體分別舌下含服硝酸甘油,正常野生型純合子的個體產生顯著降壓的同時血中CGRP的濃度顯著升高,而攜帶突變等位體的個體其降壓及CGRP血濃度低于前者[15]。另有研究表明,硝酸甘油的抗血栓作用也是繼發于促CGRP釋放[16]。這些發現支持硝酸甘油通過釋放NO進而促進CGRP釋放而產生抗心絞痛作用的假說[17]。
1.2 CGRP介導硝酸甘油對缺血性心肌的保護作用
心臟缺血一定時間后復灌加劇缺血心肌損傷的現象稱為缺血再灌注損傷。心臟缺血前給予短暫缺血刺激能減輕隨后較長時間缺血所致心臟損傷,這一現象稱為缺血預適應。缺血預適應對缺血心肌保護作用的機制是通過缺血刺激心臟釋放某些內源性活性物質而發揮作用,腺苷和CGRP被稱為內源性心肌保護物質。研究證明,心臟短暫缺血可促進CGRP釋放,CGRP受體阻斷劑或辣椒素均能消除缺血預適應的心臟保護(改善心功能、縮小心肌梗死面積和減少肌酸激酶釋放)[18]。已知TRPV1受體為溫度敏感受體,即高溫能激活該受體,我們推測高溫預適應對缺血心肌的保護作用也可能與促進CGRP釋放有關。實驗表明,CGRP受體阻斷劑或預先應用辣椒素均能消除高溫預適應對缺血心肌的保護作用[13]。依據硝酸甘油能釋放CGRP,我們推測給予硝酸甘油預處理(促進內源性CGRP釋放)可能模擬缺血預適應產生心臟保護,這已在在體動物與離體心臟所證實[19]。
1.3 CGRP介導硝酸甘油治療慢性心功能不全
慢性心功能不全也被稱為慢性心力衰竭,是由各種器質性或功能性心臟疾病損害了心室的充盈或射血能力而導致的一種復雜的綜合征。慢性心功能不全的病理過程涉及血流動力學改變,藥物可通過擴張血管(動脈與靜脈)影響血流動力學而改善心功能。硝酸酯類藥物是目前臨床治療慢性心功能不全的一類重要藥物。硝酸甘油通過舒張小靜脈,減少回心血量,減輕心室壁張力,提高左心室順應性,增強心肌收縮力,增加輸出量而改善心功能。文獻報道,硝酸甘油治療慢性心功能不全的作用也通過CGRP途徑所介導。研究中,將患者按基因型分為兩組,ALDH2×1×1組和ALDH2×2組。試驗結果表明,與ALDH2×2突變體攜帶者比較,ALDH2×1×1純合子組硝酸甘油的降壓與改善左心室射血分數作用明顯,同時血中CGRP水平顯著升高[20]。
1.4 CGRP介導硝酸甘油的耐受
硝酸甘油連續應用一定時間產生耐受,但其機制尚未明了。以前認為硝酸甘油耐受與消耗組織細胞巰基(-SH)有關,因為應用含-SH的藥物如卡托普利或N-乙酰半胱氨酸能部分逆轉藥物耐受[21]。近年研究表明,硝酸甘油耐受與其誘導氧化應激(活性氧生成)抑制ALDH2活性,減少NO釋放,導致其舒血管作用減弱有關[22]。CGRP介導硝酸甘油的舒血管效應,該藥耐受也可能與NO釋放減少進而減少CGRP釋放有關。在在體動物與離體血管實驗均已證明,硝酸甘油耐受時CGRP釋放顯著減少的同時舒血管作用減弱,且含-SH藥物(抗氧化作用)部分逆轉耐受的同時NO和CGRP水平顯著增高[23]。
已知外周血管阻力主要受交感縮血管神經(去甲腎上腺素)與感覺舒血管神經(CGRP)所調節,因而人們推測感覺舒血管神經遞質CGRP的合成與釋放減少可能促進高血壓的發生發展。研究表明,在α-CGRP基因敲除的動物,基礎血壓增高[24];無論苯酚誘發高血壓大鼠還是自發性高血壓大鼠血中CGRP水平顯著降低[2,25];臨床研究發現,原發性高血壓與妊娠高血壓患者血中CGRP顯著低于健康對照者[2]。
CGRP釋放受多種內源性活性物質〔如NO、緩激肽、神經肽Y和血管緊張素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)等〕調節,其中AngⅡ通過激動突出前膜血管緊張素受體1(AT1受體)抑制CGRP釋放。沙坦類是AT1受體阻斷藥,阻止AngⅡ收縮血管與刺激醛固酮分泌,降低外周血管阻力而降低血壓?;贏ngⅡ激動AT1受體能減少CGRP的釋放,人們推測沙坦類藥物阻斷AT1受體可促進CGRP釋放。國外學者和我們工作均證明,在自發性高血壓大鼠沙坦類藥物降血壓的同時血中、心臟和腎組織CGRP水平顯著增高,背根神經節CGRP表達上調[26-27]。這些結果表明,沙坦類藥物的降壓機制也涉及CGRP途徑。
吳茱萸次堿是從臨床治療高血壓的傳統中藥吳茱萸果實中提取的有效活性成分,具有廣泛的藥理作用,包括舒張血管,減輕心肌缺血損傷,抑制血栓形成,保護胃黏膜等。近年研究表明,吳茱萸次堿通過激動辣椒素受體,促進CGRP的合成與釋放而發揮作用。
3.1 CGRP介導吳茱萸次堿的抗高血壓作用
早期實驗發現,在離體豚鼠心臟吳茱萸次堿的正性肌力與正性頻率作用可被CGRP受體阻斷藥(CGRP8-37)消除;隨后研究表明,吳茱萸次堿的舒血管作用可被TRPV1受體阻斷劑消除,提示吳茱萸次堿的心血管作用是通過激活TRPV1受體促進CGRP釋放而發揮效應[28]。依據CGRP為強效舒血管神經遞質,CGRP與高血壓發生發展密切相關,而吳茱萸次堿能激動TRPV1促進CGRP的釋放,我們推測CGRP可能介導吳茱萸次堿的抗高血壓作用。動物實驗表明,在自發性高血壓大鼠和苯酚誘導高血壓大鼠模型中,吳茱萸次堿促進CGRP合成與釋放的同時血中CGRP顯著增高,預先應用辣椒素耗竭CGRP后,吳茱萸次堿的降壓作用被消除[29-30]。
肺動脈高壓是以肺動脈毛細血管阻塞導致的持久性肺動脈升高為特點的慢性呼吸系統疾病。肺動脈高壓的發病機制尚未完全闡明,平滑肌細胞的增殖和遷移所引起的血管重構是促進肺動脈高壓形成的主要原因。肺動脈高壓時血中CGRP含量降低,不僅見于成年動物也見于新生大鼠。研究表明,新生大鼠持續低氧3周能夠引起持續性肺動脈高壓并伴有血漿CGRP水平的下降[31],還發現靶向敲除CGRP受體基因能夠加重低氧誘導的肺動脈高壓[32]。CGRP除了具有舒血管作用還能抑制血管平滑肌細胞的增殖,抑制血管重構,其機制與其抑制細胞外信號調節蛋白激酶1/2(extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2,ERK1/2)信號通路有關[3]。外源性CGRP可濃度依賴性地抑制低氧誘導的平滑肌細胞的增殖。利用腺病毒載體將CGRP基因導入肺組織,顯著降低低氧誘導的肺動脈高壓大鼠的肺血管阻力,改善肺血管重構[33];另有研究表明,CGRP基因導入內皮祖細胞可減輕肺動脈高壓和血管重構[34]?;贑GRP在肺動脈高壓中發揮重要作用,推測促進CGRP釋放的吳茱萸次堿也可能緩解肺動脈高壓。研究發現,在野百合堿或低氧誘發的肺動脈高壓大鼠,吳茱萸次堿升高血中CGRP的同時減輕肺纖維化,改善肺動脈高壓[35]。
3.3 CGRP介導吳茱萸次堿抑制心臟重構
心臟重構是機體應對心室壓力負荷增高的一種代償反應,其主要病理變化包括心肌肥厚、心肌細胞肥大、心肌成纖維細胞增殖和心肌纖維化等。心肌成纖維細胞數占心臟細胞總數的60%~70%,在心臟重構中發揮重要作用。病理狀態下,誘導心肌成纖維細胞增殖,并向肌成纖維細胞分化;另一方面,心肌成纖維細胞合成分泌膠原增加,同時也能自分泌多種促細胞增殖的活性物質(如AngⅡ、內皮素和炎癥因子等),進一步促進心肌成纖維細胞的增殖。CGRP具有抑制心肌成纖維細胞增殖和心臟重構作用。研究發現,在降鈣素/α-CGRP敲除小鼠,壓力負荷(縮窄主動脈弓)可加劇左心室肥厚和纖維化[36];在trpv1基因敲除小鼠,也加劇心肌梗死之后的心臟重構[37]。研究表明,促CGRP釋放的吳茱萸次堿能減輕異丙腎上腺素引起的左心室重構,其機制涉及細胞凋亡相關基因表達變化[38]。為了進一步探討吳茱萸次堿通過CGRP介導抑制心臟重構的機制,野百合堿與低氧誘導的肺動脈高壓大鼠右心室重構的實驗中發現,吳茱萸次堿通過促進CGRP的釋放,進而影響eIF3a/p27信號通路而發揮作用[35]。
3.4 CGRP介導吳茱萸次堿及辣椒素衍生物對胃黏膜的保護作用
胃腸功能也受內臟感覺神經調節。在內臟神經背根神經節與迷走結狀神經節中,CGRP為重要神經遞質[4-5,39]。研究表明,CGRP可能是保護胃黏膜的重要內源性活性物質,支持的證據有:①CGRP抑制胃酸分泌,如CGRP能顯著抑制大鼠胃泌素促胃酸分泌作用[40];②CGRP改善胃黏膜血流量,其機制涉及ATP敏感鉀通道[41-42];③CGRP減輕缺血再灌注所致的黏膜損傷,其機制與減輕炎癥反應和減少細胞凋亡有關[43];④CGRP受體拮抗劑CGRP8-37可加劇吲哚美辛(消炎痛)或乙醇誘發的胃黏膜損傷[44-45];⑤ 在CGRP基因敲除模型中,醋酸和乙醇所致胃潰瘍的愈合時間顯著延長,也能加劇應激所致的胃黏膜損傷[46-47]?;趦仍葱訡GRP對胃黏膜的保護作用,以及激動TRPV1促進CGRP的合成和釋放,這提示TRPV1可能是尋找防治胃黏膜損傷藥物的新途徑。研究發現,多種TRPV1激動劑如辣椒素、辣椒素酯、大麻素和吳茱萸次堿等通過促進CGRP釋放而減輕胃黏膜損傷[1,48-53]。流行病學研究發現,中國人患胃潰瘍的概率是馬來西亞人和印度人的3倍,這可能與馬來西亞人和印度人食用更多的辣椒有關[54]。
CGRP作為感覺神經的主要遞質,早期的研究主要集中于神經釋放的CGRP對外周組織器官功能的調節。近年研究發現,CGRP也存在于非神經組織細胞如內皮細胞、內皮祖細胞、淋巴細胞、支氣管上皮細胞和脂肪細胞等,在調節局部組織功能中起重要作用[55]。藥物也可通過影響局部組織細胞CGRP合成與分泌而發揮作用,如α-受體激動藥物可樂定影響內皮細胞CGRP分泌[56];吳茱萸次堿促進內皮祖細胞CGRP的表達與分泌而延緩細胞衰老[57]。藥物能否影響其他非神經細胞的CGRP合成與分泌尚待研究。
已知TRP受體為調節CGRP合成與釋放的關鍵受體,該受體有多種亞型(如TRPC,TRPV,TRPM,TRPML,TRPP,TRPA和TRPN等)。既往研究有關CGRP合成與釋放的調節主要集中在TRPV1,并以TRPV1為靶點,發現多種化合物能激動該受體而發揮治療作用[29]。新近研究發現,TRPA1也能調節CGRP的合成與釋放,異硫氰酸烯丙酯與HC-030031[2-(1,3-二甲基-2,6-二氧代-2,3-二氫-1H-嘌呤-7(6H)-基)-N-(4-異丙基苯基)乙酰胺]分別為該受體的激動劑或拮抗劑[58],TRPA1也可能是尋找藥物的新靶點。
綜上,CGRP參與多個組織器官功能的調節,發現某些藥物如硝酸甘油、沙坦類作用機制涉及CGRP途徑[17,27],這為這些典型藥物的作用機制注入新的解釋,加深對藥物作用機制的認識。
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Pharmacological effects of drugs mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide:a review
YIN You-cong,LI Yuan-jian
(Department of Pharmacology,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China)
Calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP),a predominant neurotransmitter in sensory nerves,is widely distributed in central and peripheral tissues.In the cardiovascular system,besides relaxing vascular smooth muscle,CGRP protects against ischemic myocardium while inhibiting cardiac remodeling.The pharmacological effects of nitroglycerin and rutaecarpine have proved to be associated with the increase in the synthesis and release of CGRP.In gastrointestinal tissues,CGRP participates in the regulation of gastrointestinal function and has protective effects on the gastric mucosa.Rutaecar?pine,capsaicin and its derivatives can reduce gastric mucosa damage induced by a variety of factors by increasing synthesis and release of CGRP.
calcitonin-gene related peptide;nitroglycerin;rutaecarpine;capsaicin;sartans
LI Yuan-jian,E-mail:yuan_jianli@sina.com,Tel:(0731)82355078
R969,R972
A
1000-3002-(2017)01-0112-07
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.01.014
2016-07-31 接受日期:2016-08-19)
(本文編輯:喬 虹)
國家自然科學基金項目(81273513)
尹優聰,女,碩士研究生,主要從事心血管藥理學研究。
李元建,E-mail:yuan_jianli@sina.com,Tel:(0731)82355078
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81273513)