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B細胞刺激因子及其受體在干燥綜合征發病機制中的作用進展

2017-03-21 23:20:34程曉靜張葵符向輝
中國醫藥導報 2017年3期

程曉靜 張葵 符向輝

[摘要] 干燥綜合征(SS)是一種累及唾液腺、淚腺等外分泌腺體的慢性炎癥性自身免疫性疾病,好發于中年女性,其炎性反應常表現為受損腺體周圍淋巴細胞浸潤,除口干、眼干外,臨床還表現為其他外分泌腺體及腺體外器官受累的多器官損害癥狀。目前SS的發病機制并不清楚。B細胞高反應性是SS的一個重要的特點,在患者及動物模型中B細胞高反應性及升高的B細胞刺激因子(BAFF)水平可以由某些免疫細胞中BAFF/BAFF受體(BAFF-R)的表達變化引起。此外,BAFF的過表達促使B細胞增殖是SS相關淋巴細胞增殖的額外風險因素,因此掌握BAFF/BAFF-R在SS發病機制方面的作用,能促進新的治療策略的產生。

[關鍵詞] 干燥綜合征;B細胞刺激因子;B細胞刺激因子受體;貝利單抗

[中圖分類號] R593.2 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)01(c)-0047-05

[Abstract] Sjgren syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving exocrine glands such as salivary glands and lacrimal glands. SS predominantly affects mid-aged females. Patients with SS have abnormal immune response with T and B cells activation and subsequent lymphocytic infiltration in target tissues leading to dry eye and dry mouth. Multiple organs may be affected, causing a broad spectrum of extraglandular manifestations. The pathogenesis of SS is unkown. While B cell hyperactivity is a dominant feature of SS patients. The B cell hyperactivity and elevated levels of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) may be induced by the abnormal expression of BAFF/BAFF receptors (BAFF-R) in certain immune cells in the SS patients and in animal models. The overproduction of serum BAFF, which is a known antiapoptotic cytokine driving B-cell autoreactive clonal expansion, may be an additional risk factor for SS-related lymphoproliferation. Therefore, understanding the role of BAFF/BAFF-R in the pathogenesis of SS may contribute to the generation of new therapeutic strategies.

[Key words] Sjgren syndrome; B-cell activating factor; B-cell activating factor receptors; Belimumab

干燥綜合征(sjgren syndrome,SS)是一種慢性器官特異性自身免疫性疾病,發病率為0.1%~0.4%,男女比例為9∶1,通常在40~50歲發病[1],主要引起唾液腺和淚腺組織中淋巴細胞和單核細胞的浸潤[2],臨床表現主要為眼干、口干等。SS可以分為兩類:原發性SS(primary SS,pSS)和繼發性SS(secondary SS,sSS),其中pSS不伴其他結締組織病,sSS伴有其他結締組織病,如類風濕關節炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)、系統性紅斑狼瘡(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)等。SS患者常有唾液腺和淚腺組織中腺管周圍及血管周圍的淋巴細胞浸潤,且B細胞高反應性是SS的一個重要的特點,主要表現為高丙種球蛋白血癥、多種自身抗體的產生及冷球蛋白血癥等[1]。

研究表明B細胞刺激因子(B cell activating factor,BAFF)在B淋巴細胞的生長、成熟和動態平衡中起著至關重要的作用[3]。在SS、RA、SLE等自身免疫病患者血清中BAFF的濃度明顯增加[4],且唾液腺組織中上皮細胞、B細胞、T細胞等均可以表達BAFF,因此研究BAFF/BAFF受體(BAFF receptors,BAFF-R)在SS發病機制中的作用,以及進一步探索新型治療方案以控制SS中BAFF的表達水平非常重要。基于以上目的,本文就SS與BAFF/BAFF-R的關系進行綜述。

1 BAFF/BAFF-R的結構

BAFF是腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)亞家族的成員,它可以促進B細胞的生存和成熟,并調節機體免疫應答的發生,包括跨膜蛋白(mBAFF)和可溶性蛋白(sBAFF)兩種形式。mBAFF屬于Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白,可以經蛋白酶水解從細胞膜上釋放成為sBAFF[5-6]。BAFF可以由很多細胞產生,包括抗原呈遞細胞(B細胞、單核/巨噬細胞、樹突狀細胞)、中性粒細胞、上皮細胞以及活化的T淋巴細胞等[5]。

BAFF結合于3種受體,包括BAFF-R、跨膜激活劑及鈣調親環素配體相互作用分子和B細胞成熟抗原[5,7]。BAFF-R在B細胞(除漿細胞)及記憶T細胞中表達,在激活狀態下可以特異性地與BAFF結合[5]。BAFF與BAFF-R的結合分為膜結合形式和可溶性結合形式,從而以不同形式激活細胞。B細胞膜上mBAFF也可以通過T細胞表面的BAFF-R刺激T細胞,證明mBAFF在細胞與細胞間有重要作用[6]。另外,sBAFF與BAFF-R結合可以促進炎癥介質的表達,同時抑制與巨噬細胞吞噬作用和細胞轉移作用等相關聯的細胞骨架的運動[8]。

2 BAFF/BAFF-R的功能

在細胞生物學方面,BAFF可誘導改變多種細胞的生物學功能。BAFF與B細胞膜上BAFF-R結合可促進自身反應性B細胞的生存和增殖,有研究表明BAFF可以通過胞外信號調節激酶1/2(extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2,Erk1/2)來調節多種Bcl-2家族成員的表達,且BAFF還可以通過抑制蛋白磷酸酶2A激活Erk1/2通路促進B細胞的生存和增殖[9]。在B細胞中BAFF-R與B細胞受體的相關信號通路有密切聯系,并且這兩種信號均參與外周血中B細胞的存活和分化、生發中心的形成、血漿細胞的存活和IgG、IgE的轉化等過程,并起關鍵作用[10-11]。然而只有少量特定形式的BAFF是上皮細胞存活所必需的,有研究表明自分泌的BAFF通過與BAFF-R結合參與上皮細胞的凋亡與存活過程,阻斷其BAFF-R以促進體外上皮細胞凋亡[12]。

BAFF與BAFF-R結合后激活核因子κB(Nuclear Factor κB,NF-κB)信號通路,且胞內TNF受體結合因子3與BAFF-R結合可以逆轉其對NF-κB信號通路的抑制作用,并且釋放NF-κB誘導激酶,其中磷酸化的NF-κB抑制子激酶1可以間接激活NF-κB[5],另外,有研究發現SS患者BAFF-R His159Tyr變異的發生率較正常人顯著增高,且該變異體也可介導NF-κB信號通路的激活,使NF-κB暴露核定位位點而誘導相關基因轉錄,從而誘發SS[13]。

3 BAFF在SS動物模型中的作用

目前尚無模型能夠充分表現SS患者的疾病特征,但通過BAFF轉基因和敲除小鼠模型在SS發病機制中B細胞作用的研究已經取得一定進展。BAFF轉基因小鼠模型的主要特點是唾液腺中B細胞的增生和浸潤,且其血清中IgG及抗核抗體表達水平增高[14]。有研究發現缺乏淋巴毒素β/δ的BAFF轉基因小鼠脾組織的病理也發生改變,其主要表現為邊緣區B細胞減少、周圍淋巴結增大、以及缺乏T細胞依賴的免疫反應等[15]。缺乏TNF的BAFF轉基因小鼠中過渡區Ⅱ型B細胞和邊緣區B細胞顯著增加,T細胞依賴的免疫應答增強,且B細胞淋巴瘤的發病率也升高[16]。有研究發現NF-κB激活劑1(NF-κB activator 1,ACT1)可以降低自身反應性B細胞的存活率,敲除ACT1后可引起B細胞過度活化,且缺乏ACT1的BALB/C小鼠可以逐漸發展成SLE和SS樣系統性自身免疫病,然而通過CD40介導的T細胞依賴性反應可以調控抗SSA和抗SSB抗體的產生[17]。有研究表明在NOD小鼠中封閉BAFF-R可顯著減輕唾液腺炎癥并降低其抗核抗體滴度[18]。同時,在小鼠模型上分析各種治療方式的療效,發現給予貝利單抗(belimumab)49天后開始利妥昔單抗(rituximab)療程(375 mg/m2,四周1次),可以明顯改善SS相關的B細胞增殖[19]。

然而,這些模型缺乏SS的一些特異性臨床特征,如女性性別優勢、一些自身抗體的產生、唾液腺中T細胞的浸潤及除唾液腺以外其他器官B淋巴細胞的浸潤等[20],具體體現在以下幾個方面:①BAFF小鼠模型唾液腺中浸潤的淋巴細胞主要是邊緣區B細胞,T細胞的數量極少[21];②在小鼠模型中的SS樣的臨床表現僅在全身高反應性和淋巴器官中B細胞大量增多的基礎上產生的,而SS患者血清中雖然記憶B細胞減少但是B細胞的數量正常[22];③BAFF轉基因小鼠的SS樣病理變化是T細胞依賴性的[23],并依賴于邊緣區B細胞的活化[24]。因此,由于這些原因,目前還不清楚這些機制是否與更復雜的T細胞依賴性自身免疫性反應(例如SS)相關,這就要求進一步探討BAFF在SS患者中的作用。

4 BAFF在SS中的作用

BAFF由干擾素(interferons,IFN)誘導表達[2],可影響SS動物模型和患者疾病的發生發展。眾所周知,BAFF是外周血中B細胞存活的關鍵[25],在SS的次級和三級淋巴器官生發中心中BAFF的表達也顯著升高,另外在病毒感染或I型IFN的刺激的情況下,唾液腺上皮細胞分泌大量BAFF,從而進一步激活B細胞[1]。SS唾液腺細胞中BAFF的高表達也有助于減少B細胞凋亡,但是隨后導致的B細胞過度活化增加了非霍奇金淋巴瘤發生的風險[1,26]。干擾素調節因子4(interferon regulatory factor-4,IRF-4)和IRF-8可通過調節BAFF的表達,控制自身反應性B細胞及自身抗體的產生,從而緩解SS癥狀[27]。且除嗜酸性粒細胞趨化因子和IFN-γ外,BAFF是能夠最精確判斷患者有無生發中心樣結構的生物標志物[18],Li等[28]人觀察到IFN-α處理過的SS患者唾液腺上皮細胞中BAFF的表達增加。有研究發現SS患者血清、唾液腺組織和唾液中BAFF表達水平均升高[29-30],且腺體生發中心中BAFF的水平與球蛋白血癥、抗SSA/SSB自身抗體滴度相關[31]。另外,BAFF也與單核細胞活化有相關性,有研究發現從SS患者的外周血中分離出的單核細胞也可以產生大量的BAFF[32]和白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6),同時BAFF-R和調節IL-6表達的轉錄因子的表達水平也顯著增高[33]。

在SS中,B細胞可能以自分泌方式分泌BAFF,通過結合BAFF-R激活B細胞,引發B細胞分泌自身抗體;也可能以旁分泌方式,刺激腺體組織中其它免疫細胞分泌BAFF。Nezos等[34]認為研究SS患者外周血和腺組織的不同變異體BAFF(ΔBAFF)的表達有助于確定其在疾病發生發展中的作用機制,其中ΔBAFF的產生可能由于細胞特異性所致,BAFF/ΔBAFF的比率也在SS發病機制中起重要作用,另有研究表明ΔBAFF可以抑制BAFF的分泌和活性,進一步抑制SS淋巴浸潤并改善唾液流率[35]。

一項利妥昔單抗治療SS的臨床試驗發現利妥昔單抗治療SS效果并不顯著,且血清中BAFF的水平反而升高[36],因此,在臨床應用中貝利單抗的應用尤為重要。最近一項關于貝利單抗的開放性二期臨床試驗表明:貝利單抗可以減輕患者干燥和腮腺腫大癥狀,并抑制患者B細胞的激活[37],顯著降低患者疾病活動度評分[38-39],但是對于患者唾液腺和淚液的分泌功能的改善無效;除了對臨床癥狀的有效性,貝利單抗還可以減少B細胞各種亞型的水平,規范記憶B細胞BAFF-R的表達,且治療24周后,BAFF和BAFF-R的表達基本恢復到正常水平,更重要的是,貝利單抗治療后,患者血清中免疫球蛋白、類風濕因子、抗核抗體的表達減少,補體C4的表達升高,并且可以維持到整個療程結束[40]。另外Raphaèle等[41]研究者通過檢測貝利單抗治療后患者的血清和唇腺活檢,發現患者體內NK細胞的增多加強了患者對貝利單抗的有效應答。

5 小結

SS是一種慢性自身免疫性疾病,其發病機制目前尚不清楚,然而B細胞的高反應性是SS的一個重要特點。BAFF特異性地與其受體結合,對B細胞的存活、增殖、發育和分化起著關鍵作用,且BAFF的異常表達與SS患者血清中自身抗體的產生呈正相關關系,可見,對BAFF及其受體BAFF-R的進行深入研究,有助于闡明SS的相關發病機制,并進一步為SS的治療提供新思路。

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(收稿日期:2016-10-19 本文編輯:李岳澤)

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