麻芬蕊
(福建省龍巖市高級中學 福建龍巖 364000)
摘 要:《標準》對高中英語八級目標明確要求學生學會使用3300個左右的單詞和400-500個習慣用語或固定搭配;要求運用詞匯理解和表達不同的功能、意圖和態度等;在比較復雜的情況下,運用詞匯給事物命名、進行指稱、描述行為和特征、說明概念等。從這些描述我們可以看出,詞匯的學習不僅僅是記單詞和理解詞義,更重要的是讓學生通過詞匯學習能夠正確靈活的運用詞語表達思想。和以前的教學大綱相比,《標準》大幅提高詞匯的要求,給教學也帶來了一定的難度,因此,詞匯的學習對學生來說更是一個難題。為了解決這個難題,老師們除了優化詞匯教學方法外,對詞匯學習的評價方式也應多樣化,有效化,全面科學化。
關鍵詞:詞匯 評價 探究
一、優化聽寫方式,讓詞匯學習的掌握更有效
目前,我們很多老師用聽寫的方式來檢查學生對生詞的掌握情況。這種方式易于操作,也確實可以對學生背記生詞起到一定的督促作用。但這種方式也有其局限性,它通常不能考查學生在常用的情景或上下文中對詞匯的理解和使用情況。然而,短語聽寫優于單詞的聽寫,因為它們是以語塊(language chunk)的形式出現的,對語塊的學習有利于用英語思維并提高語言表達的流利性。比如在Module6 Unit3聽寫中,我要求學生Dictate the following phrases.
1)to be due to the healthy life I live
2)to become addicted to cigarettes
3)to become accustomed to having nicotine in it
4)to know much about the harmful effects of smoking
5)to be taken off the school football team
6)to decide on the day to quit
研究發現,約70%的日常交際主要有語塊來實現,由此,語塊構成了語言實際的基礎單位。因此,高中英語教學應十分關注語塊的積累。我們用這種方式聽寫,讓學生養成在平時的學習中就注重語塊而不是孤立的單詞,有利于詞匯的記憶和掌握,也有利于語言的運用。
二、充分利用課文的閱讀材料,讓詞匯評價方式更有效
根據詞匯教學中堅持語篇教學的原則,在詞匯評價中也可以充分利用課文語篇進行。如下,根據課文把段落補充完整。進行詞匯鞏固。[1]
Marty Fielding suffered from muscle _______ when he was 10, which sometimes made him _______ and drop things or bump into furniture.
The doctors dont know exactly what is wrong with him, so they dont know _________ to make him better. But he has to learn to ________ to his disability. When some people cannot accept him for who he is, he doesnt get _______. He just ________ them.
這樣的練習,我們一般放在課文教學完成之后。通過設置這種檢查詞匯掌握情況的方式,我們不僅可以讓學生養成在文章中記憶單詞及短語的方式,還讓他們養成在平時的閱讀過程中,注意要在語境中理解詞匯的運用。這樣的評價方式,以學生的綜合語言運用能力發展為出發點,而且大部分學生通過努力都可以寫好詞匯,對學生比較有正面鼓勵和激勵作用。
三、讓有趣的故事閱讀和詞匯評價相結合
在學習了Module 1 Unit 1 中walk the dog, indoors, get along well with, face to face, suffer from, editor, communicate, trust, fall in love (with), advice 等生詞之后,在下一節課前幾分鐘,我要求學生用這些單詞把一篇有趣的故事補充完整。
One morning, Mr. Smith was out in the park, walking his pet dog, which has been kept indoors for some days because of the bad weather. Everything was getting along quite well until she came face to face with a he-pet dog. They began barking at each other the moment they met as if they were both suffering from something. Mr. Smith was puzzled at the way they were barking and he was wondering what was happening. Fortunately, the owner of the he-pet dog was an editor of a magazine called ‘Pets, who happened to know more about pet dogs than Mr. Smith. He explained to Mr. Smith that they were barking to communicate their fondness for each other to build mutual (相互的) trust, and that they might have even fallen in love. He suggested to Mr. Smith that they both let the dogs loose and see what would happen. Mr. Smith followed his advice. They were surprised to see the two dogs begin fondling (撫愛) each other like human lovers.
四、引入競爭機制,在游戲中進行詞匯的評價
為了使評價有機地融入到教學過程中,應建立開放和寬松的評價氛圍,鼓勵學生,同伴參與,實現評價主體的多元化。因此,我們可以用游戲的方式進行詞匯的評價。比如在學習了單詞victim, physician, analyze, defeat, challenge, enquiry, pump, blame, absorb, link…to 之后,在競賽前發給學生一張上面寫有這十個單詞的卡片。競賽時教師念單詞的英語解釋,在卡片上找到對應的單詞victim, 并做上記號。這樣,最先找到所有單詞的學生獲勝。教師可以將競賽結果和新課程的評價體系相結合,把這種類型的競賽作為學生形成性評價的重要組成部分。這是一種很有用的復習和鞏固詞匯的游戲。[2]
評價是英語課程的重要組成部分。科學的評價體系是實現課程目標的重要保障。所以,我們應該立足于課堂,為學生創設盡可能多的有效評價方式。讓詞匯的掌握更有效。
參考文獻
[1]普通高中新課程標準
[2]《中小學外語教學與研究》(2012)